Quiz 3 Flashcards
PREFRONTAL:
Describe the functional divisions of the frontal lobes
Functional divisions:
1. Prefrontal
2. Premotor areas:
a.) Broca’s area, premotor, supplementary
motor, cingulate motor
b.) Frontal eye fields
3. Primary motorPREFRONTAL:
Prefrontal Cortex
Receives sensory information from posterior lobes
Receives input from limbic system
Integrates that information at highest level
Plans, organizes most appropriate response – Executive role
PREFRONTAL:
The prefrontal cortex is made up of what areas?
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
Superior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC; aka “dorsomedial prefrontal cortex”)
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)PREFRONTAL:
What does the VMPFC responsible for?
Controls personal & social reasoning
Decision making based on awareness of body state, emotions & feedback from social or emotional cues
Inhibits inappropriate impulses, drives
Involved in motivation & emotional regulation, including the extinction of conditioned fear
Temporal memory (when an episode occurred), processed in basal portion
PREFRONTAL:
Ventral Medial PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Inefficient processing (under- or over-activation) may produce sxs of depression (depressed mood, excessive guilt, feelings of worthlessness, apathy, decreased social interaction, psychomotor retardation) or mania (elevated/irritable mood). Damage may produce pseudodepression Depression, anxiety, apathy, decreased social interaction, psychomotor retardation Can also occur w/ damage to anterior cingulate
PREFRONTAL:
Describe VMPFC Dysfunction
- Lesion may cause:
- Disinhibition
- Obsessions
- Decreased awareness of emotional states in self
& others - Expressive dysprosodia (especially
w/dysfunction in right hemisphere) - Decreased empathy, concern for social rules
- A dissociation between decision making in the
abstract & decision making about personal,
social involvement - Less responsive to punishment
- Difficulty holding jobs & social relationships
- Changes in personality & social interactions,
termed pseudopsychopathy
Disinhibition seen with dysfunction of VMPFC can also manifest as hyperactivity/impulsivity during ADHD, suicidality during depression, or risk-taking or pressured speech during mania
Pseudopsychopathy- look it up!!!
(keep in mind that there is often dysfunction in vmpfc in serial killers, psychopaths, antisocial personality disorders…)
PREFRONTAL:
What is Expressive dysprosodia?
associated with dysfunction in right hemisphere and damage to teh ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
NOTES: Know things Like what is expressive dysprosodia (aka dysprosody) is when you cant EXPRESS Emotions properly. Note its different than the receptive one in earlier slides (where they couldn’t PERCEIVE emotional states via prosody or tone).
Usually you see flat affect, not usually innappropriate affect. (it can be both, but more often its flat affect. If both, it’s a bit harder in differentiating it from schizophrenia)
PREFRONTAL:
What is Pseudopsychopathy
?
PREFRONTAL:
What was a good case example of VMPFC?
VMPFC of both hemispheres was damaged in Phineas Gage.
Tamping rod blasted through head from left cheek through right top of head
Premorbidly, was exemplary citizen, hard working, responsible foreman
Afterward, could not make or execute plans, had outbursts of anger & rage, cursed, and became childish, irresponsible, impatient, thoughtless of others, rude
PREFRONTAL:
On the VMPFC vs the OFC
Disagreement about definitions of OFC & VMPFC
Many previous studies referred to OFC, which is now being termed VMPFC by many.
Anosmia (loss of smell) often occurs w/ TBI.
Compulsions are associated w/ dysfunctional circuit involving OFC/VMPFC, BG, thalamus
Compulsive aspect of addiction
NOTES: OFC and VMPFC can be used interchangeably.
Know Anosmia for when you read neuropsych reports. With anosmia you have a loss of smell, often its because they damage the neurons to the olfactory system. But keep in mind that this is often a HUGE indication that you have some prefrontal lobe damage.
Compulsions are also associated (where you cant inhibit what is innappropriate). A good example of dysfunction in this area, or issues with acting compulsively, is with addiction. Where this is one area of immportance, especially when it comes ot inhibiting the compulsion to do the substance….
PREFRONTAL:
What is the DLPFC involved in?
- Conceptualizing & maintaining goals and allocating attentional resources accordingly
- Helps one focus on task at hand according to an internal plan & to avoid being distracted by stimuli (not being “pulled to the stimulus”)
- Planning overall sequences & contingency planning
- Learning from experience based on previous behavior
- Adapting to novelty, cognitive flexibility (shifting set)
- Regulating behavior based on current environmental stimuli
- Suppressing routine responses in favor of a novel response that is required or more appropriate for a given situation
- Developing strategies for solving complex problems
- ABSTRACT THINKING (this is most involved area of the brain with this ability)
- Time estimation
- Prospective memory
- Autobiographical memory, in conjunction w/ basal forebrain for retrieval of time
- The executive component of working memory
(NOTES SAY: Dorsolateral is also involved in attention. In the idea of “I have a certain number of slides to get through, that’s my job, and I need to focus on that)
- Pulled to the stimulus is when you really cant pay attention to what you want bc you are pulled to something else (like where you are pulled to the window by the sound of rain and cant focus on the lecture when you should)
- with contingency planning- they have a hard time doing things like “Ill do A, and then that way I will then move on to C, and from C to B
Really the cognitive flexibility, or the ability to adapt and change, is difficult or not possible. Great example is autism- where they have a hard time getting stuck on things and have a hard time changing. Same things with ADHD, where you change things on them (like they are on target with behavior and then boom. they have a hard time adapting to novelties.)
Think kids with ADHD for time estimation- they are shown to be really bad at estimating time. Like in studies they will guess its been 20 minutes, when its been 50. so kids with ADHD not only procrastinate, they also are frequently late to things.
- Prospective memory is “remembering to remember”
- Autobiographial memory (not just remembering information, but that you were there. Like not that the president was bush in 2008, but that in 2008 you were X place and doing X thing)
Like short term memory, or the retrieval of stored memory… the dlpfc isnt the only area involved in working memory, but its critical.
PREFRONTAL:
Describe the Executive component of working memory in regards to the DLPFC
-KNOW THIS.
Frees one from immediate demands of environment by holding information in memory long enough to store, manipulate, or act on it
Requires retrieval of stored memories, which critically depends on DLPFC although other regions (e.g., hippocampus) are also involved
Associated w/ “intelligence,” especially “fluid”
In short, DLPFC allows one to act, based on internally generated rules & plans, reflection & judgment, historical information, and abstract themes common to different situations.
PREFRONTAL:
What will lesions to DLPFC result in?
Lesions usually cause:
Loss of abilities to plan & generate strategies & solve problems
“Stimulus-boundedness,” environmental dependence
Impaired mental control
Concrete thinking
Impaired verbal & nonverbal fluency
Cognitive inflexibility
Continued making of inappropriate responses despite feedback to the contrary (perseveration)
PREFRONTAL:
Define Persevation. What area of brain is it associated with?
BURKE SAYS KNOW THIS
Perseveration is associated with DLPFC
PREFRONTAL:
What will inefficient processing in DLPFC result in?
Inefficient processing (under- or over-activation) may cause above dysfunctions & may manifest as sx’s/signs
Following acquired brain injury or drug-induced state
During ADHD, major depression, mania, anxiety, psychosis, dementia, developmental disorders, PTSD, drug intoxication/withdrawal
Like they are so much that they cant make decisions.. their cortex cant think correctly.
