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AGSC 310 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive behavior

A

promote the opportunity for copulation and increase probability of conception

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2
Q

goals of copulation

A

pregnancy, embryogenesis, parturition

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3
Q

male repro behavior stages

A

precopulatory, copulatory, postcopulatory

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4
Q

precopulatory stage events

A

search for sexual partner, courtship, arousal, erection, penile protrusion

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5
Q

copulatory stage events

A

mounting, intromission, ejaculation

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6
Q

short copulators

A

bull, ram, buck, tom

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7
Q

sustained copulators

A

boar, dog, camelids

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8
Q

copulatory stage is…

A

learned behavior, negative experiences will result in less enthusiasm, positive stimuli should be provided

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9
Q

post copulatory stage events

A

dismount, refractory period, memory

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10
Q

refractory period

A

time which a second copulation will not take place

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11
Q

reproductive stages in female

A

attractivity, proceptivity, receptivity

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12
Q

attractivity

A

behaviors that attract males to engage in precopulatory behavior: postural changes, vocalization, increased physical activity, pheromones

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13
Q

initiation of courtship-specific behavior is generally under the influence of…

A

the female

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14
Q

proceptivity

A

behaviors exhibited by females that stimulate the male to copulate or reinitiate behavior: head butting, mounting, interaction with other females

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15
Q

receptivity

A

copulatory behavior that ensures insemination: immobility or lordosis

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16
Q

postcopulatory behavior

A

vocal emissions, genital grooming, changing posture, licking nuzzling

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17
Q

reproductive behaviors are programmed during…

A

prenatal development through feminization, defeminiation, or masculinization of the brain

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18
Q

feminization of the brain

A

absence of estradiol in the brain of the developing female

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19
Q

defeminization of the brain

A

reduces likelihood that animal will express female-like behavior postpubertally

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20
Q

masculinization

A

results in the potential of the animal to develop male-like behavior after puberty

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21
Q

sex differences in male to control repro behavior

A

preoptic area of hypothalamus is larger than females, size of neurons and dendritic arborizations are greater

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22
Q

sex differences in female to control repro behavior

A

ventromedial hypothalamus is more important with regard of repro behavior

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23
Q

female fetuses

A

exposed to androgens prenatally will display sig reduced female behavior

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24
Q

male fetuses

A

exposed to extrogen or progesterone are unaffected

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25
Q

reproductive behavior is controlled by the…

A

CNS in response to sensory signals: visual, olfactory, auditory, tactile

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26
Q

Sensory signals that stimulate sexual behavior

A

olfactory, auditory, visual, tactile

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27
Q

olfactory and vomeronasal systems respond to pheromones…

A

critical to trigger reproductive behavior

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28
Q

sex pheromones produced by males

A

boars: preputial pouch secretion and pheromonal-like substance present in saliva

29
Q

pheromonal-like substance

A

secreted by submaxillary gland, androgen metabilites, 3a-androstenol and 5a-androstenol
very foamy

30
Q

Flehmen behavior

A

less volitile detected by vomeronasal organ in bull, ram, stallion
special investigative maneuver of male when in close proximity to male

31
Q

Flehmen behavior signs

A

evoked by vaginal secretions, hard elevation and curling of upper lip, substances aspirated to nasopalatine duct into vomeronasal organ

32
Q

female flehmen behavior

A

fluids with placenta, newborns, other volatile materials
displayed post-parturient females to identify own neonate

33
Q

auditory stimulation

A

mating calls
cows: increase bellowing
sows: grunting
queens: vocalize repeatedly
mares/ewes: silent
more useful in long-range

34
Q

visual stimulation

A

sexual posturing that is visualized by male- this also stimulates male mating behavior
bulls used for AI will be placed in “warm-up stalls”

35
Q

tactile stimulation

A

final stimulus before copulation. evokes sexual postures by females
mare: biting on neck
Stallion: rubbing flanks
Cow: chin resting on bull
queens: biting neck

36
Q

penile erection and protrusion

A

elevated arterial blood inflow: vasodialation of arterioles
restriction venous blood outflow: blood trapped in cavernous spaces

37
Q

erection complex series of neural and vasomotor events

A

erotogenic stimuli cause inward sensory nerves to fire, terminals synapse with behavior center, hypothalamic neurons synapse with PNS and SNS efferent neurons that control vascular smooth muscle

38
Q

control of penile vascular smooth muscle for erection

A
  1. neurons stimulate signal to penis 2. PNS neurons release NO(principle neurotransmitter that drives) 3. NO converts GTP to cGMP 4. cGMP causes vasodilation which allows for erection
39
Q

ejaculations times and stimulation

A

bull/ram: 1-2 seconds after intromission; stim by warm temperature
stallion: 30s-1min; stim by pressure
boar: up to 30 min; pressure
dog: 50min

40
Q

refractory period depends on:

A

degree of sexual rest prior to copulation, age of male, species, number of previous ejaculations, degree of female novelty

41
Q

Sexual satiation

A

further stimuli will not cause responsiveness or motivation under a given set of stimulus conditions

42
Q

Sperm transportation in female tract

A

lost via retrograde transport and many are phagocytized by leukocytes, remaining traverse the cervix and uterus and enter oviduct, sperm undergo capacitation before fertilizing egg, when sperm encounter egg they undergo acrosome reaction

43
Q

high estradiol stimulates…

A

elevated tone of muscularis

44
Q

prostaglandins cause…

A

increased tone and motility of uterus and oviduct

45
Q

prostaglandins cause…

A

increased tone and motility of uterus and oviduct

45
Q

prostaglandins cause…

A

increased tone and motility of uterus and oviduct

46
Q

prostaglandins cause…

A

increased tone and motility of uterus and oviduct

47
Q

transport of spermatozoa following copulation can be divided into two phases

A

rapid transport and sustained transport

48
Q

rapid transport phase

A

sperm arriving in the oviducts within minutes after copulation are not viable, result of elevated tone and motility of muscularis

49
Q

sustained transport phase

A

MOST IMPORTANT, sperm transported to oviducts, move into isthmus and attach to the oviductal epithelium (sperm docking)

50
Q

sperm docking

A

crucial to sperm servival and elicits a signal cascade in the sperm that promotes viability, without docking sperm die within 6-10 hours after insemination

51
Q

capacitation

A

changes that allow sperm to be fertile
associated with biochemical and physiological changes in the head and flagellum of sperm- expressing the ability to interact with the egg due to alterations in the head

52
Q

fertilization

A

motility patterns become hyperactive, frenzied motion that is localized- thought to facilitate sperm-oocyte contact

53
Q

fertilization requires:

A

zona binding proteins, zona binding sites, glycoprotiens of zona pellucida

54
Q

zona binding proteins

A

on plasma mebrane that bind to zona pellucida proteins

55
Q

glycoprotiens of zona protein

A

ZP1, ZP2, (structural proteins)
ZP3 (receptor for a hormone)

56
Q

Zona binding sites

A
  1. primary ZBR: reacts with ZP3 for physical attachment
  2. acrosome reaction promoting ligand: begins initiated acrosomal reaction
57
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

enables sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida, modifies equatorial segment so that it can later fuse with plasma membrane of the oocyte

58
Q

hydrolytic enzymes released from acrosome reactio

A

acrosin, hyaluronidase, zona lysin, esterases, acidic hydrolases

59
Q

acrosin

A

enhances ability to bind to zona because proacrosin has a stronger affinity for zona

60
Q

fertilization

A

when spermatozoon completely penetrates the zona and reaches the perivitelline space
plasma membrane fuses with equatorial segment and spermatozoon is engulfed

61
Q

fusion of oocyte plasma membrane and equatorial segment

A

brought about by a fusion protein activated by vesiculation and release of acrosomal content

62
Q

cortical reaction

A

movement of cortical granules to the periphery of the oocyte cytoplasm during the first and second meiotic divisions of oogenesis

63
Q

polyspermy

A

fertilization of oocyte by more than one spermatozoon

64
Q

zona block

A

zona pellucida undergoes biochemical changes that prevent penetration of further sperm

65
Q

pronuclei formation

A

allows male and female DNA to form a single nucleus, sperm nucleus must decondense

66
Q

syngamy

A

fusion of male and female pronuclei
zygote enters first stages of embyrogenesis following this

67
Q

fertile lifespan of sperm after deposition on female tract

A

dog: 9-11 days
cow: 1.5-2
mare: 4-5
woman: 5-6

AGSC 310 (1 decks)

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