Quiz 3 Flashcards
Exogenous attention/Ventral attention network
Bottom-up; External stimulus is driving attention
Endogenous attention/Dorsal attention network
Top-down; internal
What a person is bringing TO attention
You are talking to your passenger while driving to work. Although you are looking at the road ahead, you somehow don’t’ notice that the traffic light turned red and run the red light. How did you miss something that you were looking at?
Inattentional blindness
Inattentional blindness (age effects and two competing hypotheses)
The inability to "see" or notice things that you are not attending to Attentional capacity (OAs have a reduced attentional capacity so they could show a worse performance) OR Inhibition deficit (OAs do worse at inhibiting the backgrounds)
Vision and hearing as mediators of age effects
Age is associated with cog. performance, but when you add hearing and vision into the model, it either went away or reduced significantly (the relationship was there at first)
Age as a mediator of vision and hearing effects
The relation was already there for vision and hearing, but when you add/control for age…the effects either went away or reduced significantly
Sensory ARHL causes/ audiogram pattern
damage/deterioration to the sensory hairs cells
Audiogram pattern: relatively normal at low frequency but as you hit higher frequency, there is a very steep decrease (high freq. is really bad because the first part of the cochlea is getting damaged earlier on)
Metabolic ARHL causes/ audiogram pattern
Atrophy of the stria vascularis (outer wall of cochlea that supports amplification)
Audiogram pattern: there is some loss/decrease for lower freq. then gradual decrease as you get higher freq. with a shallower slope
Neural ARHL causes/ audiogram pattern
Atrophy of spiral ganglion cells (sensory neurons)
Audiogram pattern: NOT affected, but there is a dramatic decrease in speech discrimination which influences how we hear speech and complex sounds that end up relating to cog. deficiencies
Anatomical changes to auditory cortex
Decreased volume and cortical thinning;
Hypothesis: (1) auditory deprivation hypothesis or (2) age leads to both
Auditory deprivation hypothesis
Age is influencing ARHL –> auditory deprivation (less info reaching auditory cortex) –> therefore greater atrophy
Functional changes to auditory cortex
Increased activation in OAs compared to YAs to pink noise and single syllable words
(1) Reduced inhibition? Bc OAs are worse at inhibiting out sound (2) Compensation? Since OAs have hearing impairments they recruit the AC more to help them decipher what they are trying to listen to
Reduced connectivity between auditory cortex and visual regions, attention network, and default mode network
Maybe the auditory cortex is not working as well in OAs and not working alongside other networks as it is in YAs
Nonauditory cortical reorganization
Greater atrophy in attention-related regions; increased functional connectivity and increased recruitment of visual, motor, and attentional networks; related to Global cognitive impairment
Common cause hypothesis (relating to ARHL)
Biological aging affects global functioning, including both cog. and sensory functions
IN THIS REVIEW, age IS the common cause…age independently effect ARHL and impaired cognition
Information degradation hypothesis
ARHL leads to increase cog. demand, which can contribute to impaired cog. function (makes it more difficult to hear speech)
Age –> ARHL –> Degraded input –> INCREASED DEMAND –> impaired cognition
(says there are so many more cog. resources that we need so they get impaired
