Quiz 3 Flashcards
Exogenous attention/Ventral attention network
Bottom-up; External stimulus is driving attention
Endogenous attention/Dorsal attention network
Top-down; internal
What a person is bringing TO attention
You are talking to your passenger while driving to work. Although you are looking at the road ahead, you somehow don’t’ notice that the traffic light turned red and run the red light. How did you miss something that you were looking at?
Inattentional blindness
Inattentional blindness (age effects and two competing hypotheses)
The inability to "see" or notice things that you are not attending to Attentional capacity (OAs have a reduced attentional capacity so they could show a worse performance) OR Inhibition deficit (OAs do worse at inhibiting the backgrounds)
Vision and hearing as mediators of age effects
Age is associated with cog. performance, but when you add hearing and vision into the model, it either went away or reduced significantly (the relationship was there at first)
Age as a mediator of vision and hearing effects
The relation was already there for vision and hearing, but when you add/control for age…the effects either went away or reduced significantly
Sensory ARHL causes/ audiogram pattern
damage/deterioration to the sensory hairs cells
Audiogram pattern: relatively normal at low frequency but as you hit higher frequency, there is a very steep decrease (high freq. is really bad because the first part of the cochlea is getting damaged earlier on)
Metabolic ARHL causes/ audiogram pattern
Atrophy of the stria vascularis (outer wall of cochlea that supports amplification)
Audiogram pattern: there is some loss/decrease for lower freq. then gradual decrease as you get higher freq. with a shallower slope
Neural ARHL causes/ audiogram pattern
Atrophy of spiral ganglion cells (sensory neurons)
Audiogram pattern: NOT affected, but there is a dramatic decrease in speech discrimination which influences how we hear speech and complex sounds that end up relating to cog. deficiencies
Anatomical changes to auditory cortex
Decreased volume and cortical thinning;
Hypothesis: (1) auditory deprivation hypothesis or (2) age leads to both
Auditory deprivation hypothesis
Age is influencing ARHL –> auditory deprivation (less info reaching auditory cortex) –> therefore greater atrophy
Functional changes to auditory cortex
Increased activation in OAs compared to YAs to pink noise and single syllable words
(1) Reduced inhibition? Bc OAs are worse at inhibiting out sound (2) Compensation? Since OAs have hearing impairments they recruit the AC more to help them decipher what they are trying to listen to
Reduced connectivity between auditory cortex and visual regions, attention network, and default mode network
Maybe the auditory cortex is not working as well in OAs and not working alongside other networks as it is in YAs
Nonauditory cortical reorganization
Greater atrophy in attention-related regions; increased functional connectivity and increased recruitment of visual, motor, and attentional networks; related to Global cognitive impairment
Common cause hypothesis (relating to ARHL)
Biological aging affects global functioning, including both cog. and sensory functions
IN THIS REVIEW, age IS the common cause…age independently effect ARHL and impaired cognition
Information degradation hypothesis
ARHL leads to increase cog. demand, which can contribute to impaired cog. function (makes it more difficult to hear speech)
Age –> ARHL –> Degraded input –> INCREASED DEMAND –> impaired cognition
(says there are so many more cog. resources that we need so they get impaired
Sensory deprivation hypothesis
ARHL leads to cortical reorganization to support auditory perception, which can contribute to impaired cog. function
(1) Age –> ARHL –> degraded input –> CORTICAL REORGANIZATION–> impaired cog. (brain rearranging to support issues)
(2) Age –> ARHL –> Degraded input –> DECREASED SOCIALIZATION –> impaired cog. (social retreating leading to this)
Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid: skills that decline with old age
Crystallized: stay stagnant with old age
Stability of means (age effects)
Looking at the average among an age group and how it changes over time
Many cog. skills decline in old age but others show less decline (vocabulary, etc)
Stability of Individual differences: Arguments for and against using same measure
For: really similar tests in same domain won’t get perfect replication of answers…to get best opportunity they wanted to use exact same piece of info
Against: Practice effect, cannot be sure that it will be appropriate at both age groups (floor/ceiling effect-too hard everyone gets 0 vice versa), using comparative items that are no longer relevant
Stability of individual differences (age effects)
Asks: do individuals retain their relative ranks in the continuum as they change with age, are more intelligent YAs bound to become higher intelligent OAs?
MUST BE LONGITUDINAL
Wisdom (general concept, through vague)
Technically no answer…but being wise is NOT being intelligent, they understand how much info is out there but how little we actually know, Lives life rationally and reasonably, involves action as well as emotional self-control
Age effects on Wisdom (inc. role of experience)
Age…depends how you measure it
But life experience it is the strongest predictor, but it is really a life well spent that contributes to wisdom
Wisdom can grow with age, but just for those who seek it and invest in nurturing it
Creativity (Big C)
Acts of extraordinary Creativity (art, music, etc.)
Bi-modal distribution
Creativity (Little c)
creativity in our daily lives
Alternate Uses Test
Lining out possible functional uses for different objects
Score this by: # of alternative uses someone comes up with, get extra points from uses you come up with that no one else did, and/or objective scores of how “creative” ideas were
Age effects on Creativity (and why not)
Largely age invariant (unchanged)
If OAs are less cognitively fluid (creative)…why is there here is no age-related functional fixedness (seeing objects only working in a particular way) due to more experiences to pull from, more knowledge, more practice being creative, and resources to be creative (from life…not neural)
