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ESCI 1005 > Quiz 2 (Mineral Groups, Volcanoes, Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rocks) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (Mineral Groups, Volcanoes, Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rocks) Flashcards

1
Q

Mineral

A

Inorganic naturally occurring solid with an ordered crystalline structure and defined chemical composition

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2
Q

Most abundant elements in minerals

A

(O, Si, Al, Fe) Ca, Mg, Na, K

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3
Q

Silicates (mineral group)

A

Most common mineral at Earth’s surface, links or chains of SiO4, igneous - form directly from cooling of magma or lava

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4
Q

Evaporites (mineral group)

A

Precipitated by the evaporation of an aqueous solution, salts

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5
Q

Sulfides (mineral group)

A

Precipitate out of hot hydrothermal vents, contains sulfide ion SiO2, source of many economical metals

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6
Q

How to classify minerals

A

Luster, hardness, cleavage/ fracture, reacts with acid

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7
Q

Luster

A

The way a mineral reflects light (metallic or nonmetallic)

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8
Q

Hardness

A

Resistance to being scratched

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9
Q

Cleavage

A

Minerals breaks on planar surfaces due to weaker bonds, number of cleavages depends on structure of element, cleavage planes will reflect light the same (same angle) across surface

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10
Q

Fracture

A

If all bonds are the same strength, there will be no preferred orientation. Fractures will occur in an irregular manner, each surface reflects light independently

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11
Q

Streak

A

More reliable than color, done by rubbing sample on streak plate, most useful in identifying metallic minerals

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12
Q

Reaction with Acid

A

CaCo3 is bonded ionically, so when acid is added the Ca and Co disassociate.

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13
Q

Striations

A

Parallel lines on cleavage surface, useful when distinguishing plagioclase from potassium feldspar (no striations)

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14
Q

Extrusive

A

Cooled on the surface, fast cooling, fine-grained

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15
Q

Intrusive

A

Cooled in the crust, slow cooling, coarse-grained

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16
Q

Texture

A

Size, shape and arrangement of grains

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17
Q

Pegmatite

A

Very coarse-grained rock, formed when magma cools very slowly at depth

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18
Q

Glassy texture

A

No crystals, cooled very quickly

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19
Q

Porphyritic

A

Two crystal sizes

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20
Q

Frothy texture

A

Bubble chambers (vesicles)

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21
Q

Pyroclastic texture

A

Formed as a result of magma cooling in the air (volcanic ash, volcanic bombs)

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22
Q

Mafic

A

Dark-colored, at divergent boundaries where there is increased heat flow and decompression melting

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23
Q

Felsic

A

Light-colored, at convergent boundaries where there is high pressure & high temps & water release melting occurs above subduction zones

24
Q

Intermediate

A

Between light and dark, at convergent boundaries

25
Q

Intraplate volcanism (hot spots)

A

Produced by rising mantle plumes, oceanic hot spots = mafic rocks, continental hot spots = felsic rocks

26
Q

Igneous rock

A

Rock that forms when hot molten rock (magma or lava) cools and becomes solid

27
Q

Magma

A

Hot molten rock beneath Earth’s surface which includes suspended minerals and dissolved gases

28
Q

Lava

A

Magma exposed at Earth’s surface

29
Q

Phaneretic

A

Igneous rock texture, can be seen with naked eye, intrusive

30
Q

Aphanitic

A

Igneous rock texture, crystals are too small to see or rock is glass, extrusive

31
Q

Porphyritic

A

Igneous rock texture, large crystals in fine-grained matrix, two (or more) stage cooling history

32
Q

Pegmatitic

A

Crystals larger than 2 cm on average, intrusive but rare

33
Q

Mineral forms

A

Single, chains, double chains, sheets, 3D

34
Q

Extrusive equivalent to granite

A

rhyolite

35
Q

Extrusive equivalent to granodiorite

A

dacite

36
Q

Extrusive equivalent to diorite

A

andesite

37
Q

Extrusive equivalent to gabbro

A

basalt

38
Q

Where rock melts

A

Mantle plume and hot spot volcano, subduction zone (yields volcanic arc), beneath a mid-ocean ridge

39
Q

Dykes (magmatic intrusion)

A

Vertical sheets

40
Q

Sills (magmatic intrusion)

A

Horizontal sheets

41
Q

Necks (magmatic intrusion)

A

Near-vertical conduits

42
Q

Laccoliths (magmatic intrusion)

A

Wart-like bumps

43
Q

Plutons & batholiths (magmatic intrusion)

A

Huge bodies

44
Q

Shield volcano

A

Low sloping, usually basaltic, nonexplosive

45
Q

Strato volanco

A

Mixed rock and tephra, steep-sided, explosive

46
Q

Tephra

A

Unconsolidated accumulations of pyroclastic grains (pieces of rock blown from volcano during eruption)

47
Q

Pieces of rock blown from a volcano during eruption

A

Ash, lapilli (marble size), bombs (large)

48
Q

Tuff

A

Rock consisting of welded pyroclastic material (pieces are bound together)

49
Q

Clastic sediments

A

Broken pieces, clay to boulder size

50
Q

Chemical

A

Precipitated from water

51
Q

Biogenic

A

Shells and casts of organisms

52
Q

2 settings that result in large sedimentary basins

A

Subduction zones, continental rift zones

53
Q

Graded bedding

A

Coarse up to fine sediment, deposition from water

54
Q

Cross bedding

A

Bedding planes not parallel to stratification, deposition from moving water or air

55
Q

Lithification

A

Compaction from deposition and burial, reduction in porosity, cementation

56
Q

Classification of clastics (biggest to smallest)

A

Gravel, sand, silt, clay

57
Q

Metamorphism

A

The process of changing the characteristics of a rock by changes in pressure and temperature, alters mineral and texture but not composition and no melting

ESCI 1005 (1 decks)

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