Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiological Psychology > Quiz 2/Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2/Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroimaging techniques

A

brain imaging techniques used to reveal brain structure and function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Brain anatomy

A

Accurate information about the site and extent of a lesion very soon after injury. After stoke you can see the lesion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Brain function

A

compare healthy individuals vs. individuals suffering from neurological conditions. Compare healthy people with people with a brain disorder, get them to do the same tasks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contrast X-rays

A

Inject a substance into the brain that is differentially absorbed by x-rays depending on the surrounding tissue (e.g., cerebral angiogram). Use a dye to see a specific region.
Use catheter that inserted into thigh and make way to brain to enhance sight of blood vessels to see blockage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

Multiple x-ray scans are computer-enhanced to form a 3D image of the brain. Different densities of bone and tissue and CSF so your able to localized different pats and you can also spot brain tumors.
Bone, tissue, fluid have different absorbency properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

In the presence of an external magnetic (MRI machine) and radio frequency waves, hydrogen protons in the brain generate small, measurable magnetic fields.
Brain is mainly water so full of hydrogen and therefore and admit magnetic field.
When you go in there is a magnetic field applied to head and hydrogen will all spin in same direction. Radio freq pulse will be applied and then the hydrogen will move out of line. The pulse will stop and the continue with just magnetic field spinning. Relaxation time for dif tissues at dif density and this is how we get the image as they’re emitting magnetic field.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging FYI

A

Safe and painless
Provides far more detail than CT scans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Brain Function

A

Neural activity leads to oxygen consumption

What carries oxygen throughout your body?

O2 metabolism leads to localized changes in blood flow to a region (e.g., hemodynamic response)

Measured by fMRI & PET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Measures local cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
Radioactive tracer injected into blood stream
Image of the levels of radioactivity

Radioactive tracer tricks brain to thinking it is glucose, it will be sent to more active parts of brain. So, it will build up. More level of activity means more radioactive tracer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Colors of PET

A

Red - a lot of radioactive tracers
Orange- less
Yellow-lesser
Blue/purple-none
Localizing activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fMRI Measures…

A

Changes in Blood Oxygenation (BOLD signal) neural activity goes up + blood oxygen goes up then, fMRI signal goes up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Visual Word Recognition Task
Words vs Letter strings

A

Control perceiving and then compare experimental and control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Active Brain

A

Cognitive activity = activity of neurons

Neurons performing similar functions tend to cluster together (functional specialization), for example the neurons that function the visual are clustered in the occipital lobe.

Neural activity generates electrical signals

Measure activity with electrophysiological techniques
Single-cell recording, Electroencephalgram (EEG), Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Electrodes placed on the scalp
Measures summed electrical potentials from millions of neurons
Use gel to help capture the electrode activity at the scalp of the head.
Capturing post-synaptic potentials in EEG study (EPSPs specifically)
Used clinically and in research
Neurological disorders that EEG can help with diagnosis and the impact (eg., Epilepsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Event-related brain potentials or Evoked Potentials

A

ERPs are derived from EEG via signal averaging.
Reflect the brain’s detection and response to an event

Provide a record of cognitive processing as it unfolds in time

Link specific ERPs to a cognitive function via experimental manipulations
If you want to see the electrode activity while people are doing a task you need to repeat the task over and over
Do it 30-50 times and then average over all trials, you cancel all things that are happening internally and externally to get the wave of signal happening during the task.
Hard to assess people with autism, so use ERP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ERP Primer-Semantic Priming Task

A

Is the target related to the prime? What is the brain wave that can be captured when you have to fully process the meaning of the word?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ERP signal

A

average of the EGG signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The BIG WAVE in ERP

A

The big wave is the processing of the meaning of the presented word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

UP?
DOWN?

A

Up=negative
Down=positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Naming Convention- N400

A

N= negative going
400 peaks approx. 400 msec after stimulus onset
*N400-linked to semantic processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Invasive Physiological Research Methods

A

Mainly limited to animal research:
-Lesioning
-Electrical stimulation
-Invasive recording methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Invasive Physiological Research Methods

A

Mainly limited to animal research:
-Lesioning
-Electrical stimulation
-Invasive recording methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stereotaxic Surgery

A

Used to position experimental devices within the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stereotaxic atlas

A

provides coordinates for locating structures within the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bregma

A

point on the top of the skull often used as a reference point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stereotaxic instrument

A

used to hold head steady and guide the device to be inserted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Implanting an electrode in the rat amygdala

A

1.The atlas indicates the target site a.k.a. coordinates
2.A hole is drilled posterior to the bregma, then the electrode holder goes over the hole and gets lowered in
3.The electrode is anchored to the skull with several stainless steel screws and dental acrylic that is allowed to harden around the electrode connector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lesion Methods purpose

A

Remove, damage, or destroy a part of the brain to observe impact on behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Aspiration lesions

A

suction cortical tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Electrolytic lesions

A

heat destroys tissue; subcortical structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Other lesions

A

Knife cuts
Reversible lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why are lesion methods dangerous

A

-Lesion studies must be interpreted carefully because it is difficult to make small, precise lesions in the brain
-Could cut other connections that are the reason for some deficits rather than what you have cut out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Electrical Stimulation

A

Electrical stimulation may be used to “activate” a structure. Stimulation of a structure may have an effect opposite to that seen when the structure is lesioned.You can stimulate a brain region and see behavioral changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lesioning vs. Stimulation

A

You can stimulate a brain region and see behavioral changes.
Lesioning a part of motor cortex of a rat and then cannot use the paw, you could also stimulate which causes them to move that region (paw)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Gene knockout techniques

A

Subjects missing a given gene can provide insight into what the gene controls
Difficult to interpret results – most behavior is controlled by many genes and removing one gene may alter the expression of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Gene replacement techniques

A

Insert pathological human genes in mice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Limitation of Genetic Engineering

A

hard to generalize the results in humans
Used to develop drugs, but the drugs do not usually work for humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Neuropsychological Testing Goals

A

-Understand patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and disturbances in cognitive functioning for differential diagnosis
-Assessing changes over time and developing a prognosis
-Planning for discharge and treatment implementation (e.g., rehabilitation planning)
Identify whether a patient is a good surgical candidate and identify post-surgical cognitive deficits
-Evaluation of disability status (compensatory benefits)
-Providing guidelines and education for family and caregivers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neuropsychological Testing Domains

A

-General intellectual functioning (premorbid, current)
-Attention (verbal and spatial)
-Memory (verbal and spatial)
-Language (production, comprehension, dominance)
-Visuoperceptual & visuoconstructive
-Executive functions (e.g., planning)
Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Neuropsychological Testing-Visual/Executive functions (Matrix Reasoning)

A

measures visual processing and abstract, spatial perception and may be influenced by concentration, attention, and persistence. Matrix Reasoning is an untimed core Perceptual Reasoning subtest. Children are shown colored matrices or visual patterns with something missing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS- STROOP

A

our tendency to experience difficulty naming a physical color when it is used to spell the name of a different color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Sustained attention

A

Sustained attention is “the ability to direct and focus cognitive activity on specific stimuli.” In order to complete any cognitively planned activity, any sequenced action, or any thought one must use sustained attention. An example is the act of reading a newspaper article.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Language lateralization- Sodium amytal

A

Asked to raise hands and move fingers, to see if the drug went to the correct hemisphere. If the left hemisphere is put to sleep than the right hand will fall, confirming that the sleep drug worked. Patient will be asked to count as they are moving their hand and then the hand falls . Once left hemisphere is put to sleep and their language is impacted because they stop talking(if this is the case than right hemesiphere will have opposite results)

Most speech is in left hemisphere, but some people have it in right

43
Q

Light

A

No species can see in the dark, but some are capable of seeing when there is little light

Light can be thought of as:
Particles of energy
Photons
Waves of electromagnetic energy (in nanometers)
Visible spectrum: 380-760 nanometers

43
Q

Light

A

No species can see in the dark, but some are capable of seeing when there is little light

Light can be thought of as:
Particles of energy
Photons
Waves of electromagnetic energy (in nanometers)
Visible spectrum: 380-760 nanometers

44
Q

The Electromagnetic Spectrum: colours and wavelengths visible to humans

A

White part- where were able to see as humans
-What we see as red, for example, will be different for other species
-Different species can see different wavelengths
-White light is composed of all the different wavelengths that we see as humans

45
Q

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Sunlight through a prism seperates / bends the wavelengths so that is why a rainbow is showed on the other side

46
Q

Rainbows

A

Rainbows happen after storm because there is water droplets in air so the rainbow will shine through and acts as the prism and you can see all the wavelengths

47
Q

Wavelength

A

perception of color (or hue)

48
Q

Intensity

A

perception of brightness

49
Q

Saturation

A

Purity of the light wave. Removing wavelengths to see pure colours

50
Q

Absorption

A

determine color, particules

51
Q

Reflection

A

light wave bouncing off

52
Q

Refraction

A

occurs when you have a light wave that will travel through medium to the other of different density, the lightwave will slow down and bend (example light going into water, its different density so it will slow down and bend )

53
Q

Refraction & Rainbows

A

-Refraction explains the rainbow and this is why the colors are always in the same order
-When longest wave length is passing through and will not be bending as much and that is why red is at the top
-Long waves do not bend as much as they can go longer

54
Q

Orbits

A

bony pockets in the front of the skull

55
Q

Sclera

A

The white tissue of the eye- made of collagen, it is tough and rigid and maintains structure integrity

56
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Mucous membranes that line the eyelid and protect the eye- all over sclera and protects the eye and keeps it moist

57
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent outer covering of the eye that admits light

58
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented ring of muscles situated behind the cornea. Limit the amount of light that will enter your eye.

59
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye. Pupils get big when scared because fight or flight and your brain thinks your in danger

60
Q

Pupil

A

Light enters the eye through the pupil, whose size changes in response to changes in illumination.

61
Q

Lens

A

focuses light on the retina. Refraction.

62
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

alter the shape of the lens

63
Q

Myopia

A

-“Nearsighted”, but distant objects appear blurry
-Distant objects focus in front of the retina
-Concave lenses correct myopia
-Eyeball is too long so too much refraction and not allowing to get to the back of the eye
-Image is focused in front of retina
Need less bending (refraction)

64
Q

Hyperopia

A

-“Farsightedness”, but cannot focus on near objects
-Near objects focus behind the retina
Convex lenses correct hyperopia
-You want bending and more refraction earlier on to hit the retina
-Eyeballs are too short

65
Q

Retina

A

5 layer tissue at the back of the eye containing the photoreceptors and associated neurons

66
Q

Photoreceptors

A

specialized cells for transduction of light into a neural response

67
Q

Optic disc (aka blind spot)

A

bundle of axons from retinal neurons that leave the eye to form the optic nerve

68
Q

Optic nerve

A

cranial nerve (II) responsible for carrying visual information to the CNS

69
Q

Fovea

A

high acuity area at center of retina. It is composed of cones allowing vision, no rods

70
Q

Blind Spot

A

No photoreceptors in the spot
Blindspot is 20 degrees off the fovea
This dimpled portion of the retina is known as the fovea, andthe part of the retina directly in front of where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye is actually known as the blind spot. This is known as the blind spot because no photo receptors are present in this area.

71
Q

Optic disc (Blind Spot)

A

No photoreceptors in the spot
Blindspot is 20 degrees off the fovea
This dimpled portion of the retina is known as the fovea, andthe part of the retina directly in front of where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye is actually known as the blind spot. This is known as the blind spot because no photo receptors are present in this area.

72
Q

Translation of Light into Neural Signals

A

The retina is in a sense “inside-out”
Light passes through several cell layers before reaching the photoreceptors

Vertical pathway – photoreceptors > bipolar cells > retinal ganglion cells

Lateral communication
Horizontal cells
Amacrine cells

73
Q

PHOTORECEPTORS- cells of the retina

A

specialized cells for transduction of light into a neural response
Cones and rods

74
Q

BIPOLAR CELL- cells of the retina

A

A bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

75
Q

GANGLION CELL- cells of the retina

A

A neuron that receives visual information from bipolar cells; its axons give rise to the optic nerve

76
Q

HORIZONTAL CELL- cells of the retina

A

A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and adjacent bipolar cells

77
Q

AMACRINE CELL- cells of the retina

A

A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and adjacent bipolar cells

78
Q

Types of Photoreceptors: CONES

A

Allow us to see in bright light
Allow us to see fine spatial detail (high acuity)
Allow us to see different colors
Distribution: concentrated in the center of the eye (fovea) Approx 6 million
High-acuity colour information in good lighting

79
Q

Types of Photoreceptors: RODS

A

Allow us to see in dim light (high sensitivity)
Cannot see fine spatial detail
Cannot see different colors
Distribution:concentrated in periphery (20 degrees from fovea)
High-sensitivity, allowing for low-acuity vision in dim light, but lacks detail and colour information

80
Q

Duplexity theory of vision

A

cones and rods mediate different kinds of vision
Cones:
High-acuity colour information in good lighting

Rods:
High-sensitivity, allowing for low-acuity vision in dim light, but lacks detail and colour information

81
Q

Vision is more sensitive to light at nighttime…

A

In in low light conditions you have high sensitivity but you cannot see well. It is better to look slightly off in low light conditions you can see better (like looking at stars)

82
Q

Convergence and Visual Acuity

A

Differences in rod & cone vision due in part to convergence – how cells are wired together.

83
Q

Cones and rods allow different vision is based on the convergence pattern

A

Cones- only a few cones will form a synapse with a ganglion cell increasing acuity, but at the cost of sensitivity under dim lighting conditions.

Rods- the axons of many rods synapse onto one ganglion cell, increasing activity but at the cost of sensitivity under dim lighting conditions.

84
Q

Spectral Sensitivity

A

Usually, more intense light appears brighter.

Lights of the same intensity but different wavelengths may not all look as bright.

A spectral sensitivity curve shows the relationship between wavelength and brightness.

There are different spectral sensitivity curves for photopic (cone) vision and scotopic (rod) vision.

85
Q

Human photopic and scotopic spectral sensitivity curves

A

Scotopic vision uses only rods to see, meaning that objects are visible, but appear in black and white, whereas photopic vision uses cones and provides color.

86
Q

Visual Transduction

A

Conversion of light to neural signals by visual receptors

Discovery – Pigments absorb light

87
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Pigment in rod that is absorb the light wave. It will lose its light and restart after dark. Light has a bleaching effect. Pigment for people to see in low light. Opsin(protein) & retinal (vitamin A). Check levels of vitamin A because it will affect your vision.

88
Q

Scotopic vision is mediated by…

A

rhodopsin’s absorption of light

89
Q

G-protein

A

protein-linked receptor that responds to light rather than to neurotransmitters

90
Q

T/F Photoreceptors and Bipolar cells do not produce action potentials

A

True

91
Q

Depolarization

A

constant release of NT glutamate

92
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

decreased release of NT glutamate

93
Q

T/F Ganglion cells do produce action potentials. Will ultimately be the reason to see in low light conditions

A

True: Ganglion cells are the only ones that have power to form action potentials

93
Q

T/F Ganglion cells do produce action potentials. Will ultimately be the reason to see in low light conditions

A

True: Ganglion cells are the only ones that have power to form action potentials

94
Q

Rod-mediated vision in the dark

A

In darkness rhodopsin is inactive. When the rhodopsin is inactive the rod cells will create a protein that keeps sodium channels open. Sodium ions come in so it depolarizes the rods(release of NT, glutamate). They are synapsing on bipolar rod. Glutamate hyperpolarizes bipolar cells by binding with an inhibitory receptor therefore there is not much glutamate release and Bipolar cells fail to trigger an AP in ganglion cells.

Ganglion cells do not fire AP and that is why you do not see in dark

95
Q

Rod-mediated vision in the light

A

When Rhodopsin is active splits into its constituents. Splitting of Rhodopsin causes sodium channels to close, and the rods become hyperpolarized leading to a decrease in glutamate release. Less glutamate leads to the depolarization of bipolar cells. Inhibiting bipolar cells less. Therefore, bipolar cells are more likely to trigger an AP in ganglion cells.
Rods are hyperpolarized, bipolar are depolarized and so is the ganglion

More glutamate the more binding to bipolar cells

96
Q

Retina-Geniculate-Striate Pathway

A

All visual info is processed by the same visual structures the pathway is the Retina-Geniculate-Striate Pathway

The retina is the integrated structure in the pathway

Geniculate is the lateral portion of the thalamus and is where visual info is sent

Striate (B1) very back of the brain

Red- referring information from the left visual field
Green-referring information from the right visual field

Info from the left visual field is projected to the right side of both retinas
Info from the right visual is projected to the left side of both retinas

Everything on your left visual field will be represented in your right striate cortex

Left visual field, where is the info in the thalamus? Part will stay in right and the left will move to the right thalamus

Crosses at optic chiasm

Right visual filed- left is on the correct side and right crosses over therefore everything is going to left striate and thalamus

97
Q

Retinotopic Organization

A

Information received at adjacent portions of the retina remain adjacent in the striate cortex
Stimuli exciting adjacent areas of the retina will excite adjacent levels of V1

More cortex is devoted to areas of high acuity

About 25% of primary visual cortex is dedicated to input from the fovea

Striate has same organization as retina

Neurons of 2 hands will stay the same on retina all the way to striate

Striate is like the hematogenesis man

Looking straight at object is projected on fovea, a quarter of the striate cortex is focusing on the details of the object

98
Q

Mach bands

A

nonexistent stripes that visual system creates for contrast enhancement
Makes edges easier to see

99
Q

Seeing edges of objects

A

some scientists say it is most important thing for visual system. If you could not see edges you can not make sense of the world around you

100
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A
  1. The amount of inhibition is greatest when the receptor is intensely illuminated
  2. Inhibition has its greatest effect on its neighbors
101
Q

Lateral inhibition: Yellow rectangles explanation

A

Physiological explanation-ganglion cells will inhibit its neighbors via the lateral inhibition pathway. The more action potentials equals more inhibition.

2 rectangles, ones intense and one is less bright. Blue circles are the ganglion cells and each of them are processing a part of the visual field, they process the information in from of them. ABC light and FGH is dark yellow. DE are processing the lateral inhibition, (the mach band). More action potentials mean more inhibition, they all firing and inhibiting eachother at the same time. FGH are only firing a little bit because it is not as intense stimulus, ABC is doing opposite. D is inhibited by CE. E is on the darker side and therefore not inhibiting as much as D. D is receiving a brighter band is simply referring to the ganglion cells firing more to D because it is not receiving as much inhibition as the ABC. FGH are not getting much inhibition, E is receiving some from F and a lot of inhibition from D. The brain interprets as something being dark there.

102
Q

Lateral inhibition- black square image

A

-Circles showing in corners
-Ganglion cells that is processing the visual information of where you are looking.
-Ganglion cells in intersections are receiving a lot of inhibition. Bright white is causing a lot of inhibition in the intersections.
-Ganglion cells in the middle areas are only inhibited a lot from 2 sides and not inhibiting from the darker sections

Physiological Psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions