Quiz 2 (Lessons 3-4) Flashcards
Independent Variable
an event, condition, attribute, or characteristic that the reseracher seeks to isolate and measure
**must have 2+ levels or groups to compare (Houser p39)
Dependent variable
Defined in terms of changes in the subject as a consequence or administration of the independent variable (Houser p 39) What is being measured as a result of the various levels of of IVs
Control Variable
an extraneous variable or condition that the researcher has identified and has developed ways to control for its effects on the dependent variables
Confounding Variable
Variables that are undesirable confound or “flaw” the experiment. (We only want our chosen IVs to influence DVs.
Hawthorne Effect
If subjects know they are a part of an experiment/given more attention bc of the experiment, performance generally improves. AKA: an observer effect
Rosenthal Effect
experimenters belief about the participant may cause the participant to be treated in a special way so that the participant begins to fulfill the experimenter’s expectations
Pygmalion Effect
experimenter falls in love with their own hypothesis, and it becomes a “self fulfilling prophecy”
usually subconscious influence from the experiementer
Golem Effect
antithesis to Pygmalion, another self-fulfilling prophesy where the circumstances lead a participant to perform poorly bc hypothesized expected that outcome
Halo Effect
a trait which is not being evaluated influences a researchers rating on another trait
(This is why the rater is often different than the test administrator)
True Experimental Research
Gold Standard for Quanitative Reserach
3 things:
Control Group
IV that can be manipulated
Random assignment for participants to either the effect group or the control group
3 types: Pre-test post test, Post test only,
Quasi-Experimental Research
a manipulation that is controlled by the researcher but no random assignment to groups (usu, for practical or ethical reasons)
Descriptive Research
aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions.
Pre-test Post-test Design
does not consist of random assignment to groups and a manipulation of an individual variable, groups cannot be separated, pretest and posttest are administered to all groups involved, comparison btw experimental group and control group
Post-Test Only Design
No baseline measurement (as that can clue the participants into what you are looking for, or it is less effective to measure something twice)
Ex: hospital funding for treatment based on patients getting better, scores lagged because they wanted to keep free counseling
Factor Design
Several experimental variables are investigated, interactions noted
Has levels, control group and test group, include 2 or more IVs
Sometimes the IVs in a factorial design are called levels
the term levels does not connote hierarchy (4 sessions vs 8 sessions for treating depression, is one better?)
Soloman four group Design
1 experimental, one control group are pretested, the other experimental and control group are post-test only, so that you can see the effect of the pre-test.
Matched Pairs Design
the subjects are directly paired in regard to any variable that could be correlated with the DV,
Ex: want to test a new treatment for autism but you thought the IQ might be correlated with the DV, then you match equivalent IQ subjects to see the results
Repeated-measures Design
or within subjects design is a specific kind of matched subjects design.
It uses the same participants for both the control condition and the experimental IV contitions
Within subjects Design
aka repeated-measures design
Pretest-Posttest Non-Exquivalent Group Design
does not consist of random assignment to groups and a manipulation of an individual variable, groups cannot be separated, pretest and posttest are administered to all groups involved, comparison btw experimental group and control group
Time Series Design
no random assignment but does include a manipulation
once group is used with an assessment or observations taken over a period of time
no comparison group
one group serves as its own control with multiple assessments over time
Survey
a descriptive design (non-eperiemental) the researcher attempts to gather a large amount of data, self-reported, requires a completion rate of 50-75%, sample size needs to be at least 100
Observational Design
descriptive research, an attempt to avoid problems with self-reporting and still clarify personal characteristics through observations by raters
Main focus is behaviors, you cannot observe feelings or attitudes
Correlational Design
researchers correlational methods to ID and understand the relationship btwn multiple variables, or how several variables interest covary
ESP useful in education and counseling, bc it helps us understand complex human situations
Casual comparative Design
concerns comparative descriptive reserach concerns attempting to ID the effects of an indep. variable after the fact
Usu, pre-true experiement
Random Assignment
Baseline
an analysis of the current situation to identify the starting points for a programme or project. It looks at what information must be considered and analyzed to establish a baseline or starting point, the benchmark against which future progress can be assessed or comparisons made
Observation
taking time to look at behviors of participants
three different types of methodologies: controlled observations, naturalistic observations, and participant observations.
