Quiz 2 (Lessons 3-4) Flashcards
Independent Variable
an event, condition, attribute, or characteristic that the reseracher seeks to isolate and measure
**must have 2+ levels or groups to compare (Houser p39)
Dependent variable
Defined in terms of changes in the subject as a consequence or administration of the independent variable (Houser p 39) What is being measured as a result of the various levels of of IVs
Control Variable
an extraneous variable or condition that the researcher has identified and has developed ways to control for its effects on the dependent variables
Confounding Variable
Variables that are undesirable confound or “flaw” the experiment. (We only want our chosen IVs to influence DVs.
Hawthorne Effect
If subjects know they are a part of an experiment/given more attention bc of the experiment, performance generally improves. AKA: an observer effect
Rosenthal Effect
experimenters belief about the participant may cause the participant to be treated in a special way so that the participant begins to fulfill the experimenter’s expectations
Pygmalion Effect
experimenter falls in love with their own hypothesis, and it becomes a “self fulfilling prophecy”
usually subconscious influence from the experiementer
Golem Effect
antithesis to Pygmalion, another self-fulfilling prophesy where the circumstances lead a participant to perform poorly bc hypothesized expected that outcome
Halo Effect
a trait which is not being evaluated influences a researchers rating on another trait
(This is why the rater is often different than the test administrator)
True Experimental Research
Gold Standard for Quanitative Reserach
3 things:
Control Group
IV that can be manipulated
Random assignment for participants to either the effect group or the control group
3 types: Pre-test post test, Post test only,
Quasi-Experimental Research
a manipulation that is controlled by the researcher but no random assignment to groups (usu, for practical or ethical reasons)
Descriptive Research
aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions.
Pre-test Post-test Design
does not consist of random assignment to groups and a manipulation of an individual variable, groups cannot be separated, pretest and posttest are administered to all groups involved, comparison btw experimental group and control group
Post-Test Only Design
No baseline measurement (as that can clue the participants into what you are looking for, or it is less effective to measure something twice)
Ex: hospital funding for treatment based on patients getting better, scores lagged because they wanted to keep free counseling
Factor Design
Several experimental variables are investigated, interactions noted
Has levels, control group and test group, include 2 or more IVs
Sometimes the IVs in a factorial design are called levels
the term levels does not connote hierarchy (4 sessions vs 8 sessions for treating depression, is one better?)
Soloman four group Design
1 experimental, one control group are pretested, the other experimental and control group are post-test only, so that you can see the effect of the pre-test.
Matched Pairs Design
the subjects are directly paired in regard to any variable that could be correlated with the DV,
Ex: want to test a new treatment for autism but you thought the IQ might be correlated with the DV, then you match equivalent IQ subjects to see the results
Repeated-measures Design
or within subjects design is a specific kind of matched subjects design.
It uses the same participants for both the control condition and the experimental IV contitions
Within subjects Design
aka repeated-measures design
Pretest-Posttest Non-Exquivalent Group Design
does not consist of random assignment to groups and a manipulation of an individual variable, groups cannot be separated, pretest and posttest are administered to all groups involved, comparison btw experimental group and control group
Time Series Design
no random assignment but does include a manipulation
once group is used with an assessment or observations taken over a period of time
no comparison group
one group serves as its own control with multiple assessments over time
Survey
a descriptive design (non-eperiemental) the researcher attempts to gather a large amount of data, self-reported, requires a completion rate of 50-75%, sample size needs to be at least 100
Observational Design
descriptive research, an attempt to avoid problems with self-reporting and still clarify personal characteristics through observations by raters
Main focus is behaviors, you cannot observe feelings or attitudes
Correlational Design
researchers correlational methods to ID and understand the relationship btwn multiple variables, or how several variables interest covary
ESP useful in education and counseling, bc it helps us understand complex human situations
Casual comparative Design
concerns comparative descriptive reserach concerns attempting to ID the effects of an indep. variable after the fact
Usu, pre-true experiement
Random Assignment
Baseline
an analysis of the current situation to identify the starting points for a programme or project. It looks at what information must be considered and analyzed to establish a baseline or starting point, the benchmark against which future progress can be assessed or comparisons made
Observation
taking time to look at behviors of participants
three different types of methodologies: controlled observations, naturalistic observations, and participant observations.
Intervention
the independent variable
Random Sampling
In Random Sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected, by chance, protects against bias, allows info to be generalizable
Stratified sampling
focuses on a special characteristic in a population, include 20% of a certain factor to represent the larger population of a community (ex: gender, education, ethnicity)
Cluster Sampling
can be used to help a certain percentage of the population, uses an existing sample or cluster of people or selects a portion of the overall sample,
will not be as accurate as a random sample, yet it is often used due to time and practical considerations
Horizontal sampling
happens when a researcher selects subjects from a single socioeconomic group
Vertical Sampling
occurs when persons from 2+ socioeconomic classes are utilized
Snowball Sampling
aka: chain referral sample, uses subjects to connect with other subjects for a study
when the population is so specific that you would not be able to easily find the people you need without the help of people in that specified population
Systematic Sampling
in order to simplify large populations, systematic sampling utilizes every “nth” person, (ex: every 100th person)
Qualitative Research
collecting, analyzing and interpreting data by observing what people do and verbalize
Subjective, includes in-depth interviews and focus groups, exploratory and open ended
Qualities: Naturalistic, descriptive data, emphasis on process, inductive approach, focuses on meaning
Naturalistic Approach
a qualitative research method where you record the behaviors of your research subjects in real world settings
Inductive Approach
begins with a researcher collecting data that is relevant to the research study. Post-data collection, a researcher will analyze this data broadly, looking for patterns in the data to develop a theory that could explain the patterns.
Phenomenological Study
Aims to find the essence or structure of an
experience by explaining how complex
meanings are built out of simple units of
inner experience
Grounded Theory Study
theory grounded in collected data,involves comparing
collected units of data against one
another until categories, properties,
and hypotheses about them emerge
Case Studies
A descriptive intensive analysis of an individual, event or phenomena selected for its depiction or uniqueness.
Ethnographic Study
Researchers become insiders in the community to observe behaviors. JUST observing, collecting data
Historical Studies
seeks to systematically understand the past events and phenomena to obtain a clearer understanding of current issues ( may involve the use of systematic methods: diaries, oral records, relics) close to descriptive research
Bracketing
Bracketing is a method used in qualitative research to mitigate the potential effects of preconceptions that may taint the research process.
Emerging Concept
Theories, methodologies, methods and/or protocols being developed to study problems that cannot be adequately understood with existing approaches, or to take advantage of new information, tools, and/or technologies.
Cultural Immersion
also called “participant observation.” In these types of studies, a researcher interacts with the people she’s studying, living with them, sharing meals, even cooking for, and otherwise participating in the life of a community, all while collecting data
Purposive Sampling
done with purpose, not haphazard. selects information rich cases,
Deviant Sampling
(deviant: different than the norm) people outside the case study
Intensity Sampling
Excellent examples of the phenomenon of interest but not highly unsual cases
Heterogeneous Sampling
sample people with diverse characteristics to see whether there are common pattersn
Homogeneous Sampling
describe a particular sub-group in depth
Transcribing Data
written description of researcher data
time consuming, est time is 5:11, produces searchable and groupable for coding
tape analysis, taking notes from play back of audio, easier but requires more validation
should note tone and inflection
Content Analysis
procedure for categorization of verbal or behavioral data,
researcher starts labling or coding every item for information to recongize differences and similarities between all items within and between participants
Manifest Content Analysis
aka basic descriptive, what was litteraly seen and heard
Latent Content Analysis
aka higher or interpretive, what was meant by responses
Interpretative Level of Ananlysis
same as latent content analysis
Data Check
check the initial notes, consider if any previously excluded data is relevant and should be included in results
Mixed Methods Research
combines quantitative and qualitative (6 types)
Time Orientation Dimension
defines the when and how methods of mixed method designs are combined
Convergent Parallel
involves conducting both methods equally and simultaneously, which moderates the weakness of quantitative and qualitative
the data is collected separately, then examined
the analysis is converged into one report
Explanatory Sequential
characterized by initial use of quanitative followed by qualitative
general picture (quant)
then deeper more textured understanding (qual)
Exploratory Sequential
- qual
- quant
Starts by understanding a particular phenomenon, and then going through in-depth data gathering, to see if the data is characteristic of a larger sample through the quant
Embedded Design
uses both quant and qual simultaneously or sequentially. one form of data play a supportive role to the other
collects the data using both quant and qual, and analyzes separately
researcher then determines which method is primary and which is supporting
Transformative Design
reserachers employ the 4 major designs (convergent, explanatory, exploratory, or embeded)
Set up the study and interpret data from a marginalized group perspective
Mulitphase Model
focuses on a researcher studying a complex issue and using phases to gather and collect data
purpose is to study a series of research questions that are theoretically linked in hypothesis
various phases may involve using any of the four major categories of mixed methods studies
Single Case Research Design
practical strategy for making inferences about the efficacy of an intervention usu unproven interventions
est evidentiary support for counseling practices and gives voice to counseling activities with small or understudied populations
is not always a single case unlike the name describes, as families and groups are also used, but usually a homogenous group
each outcome variable must be measured systematically (repeatedly) over time by more than one assessor.
3 phases: study must include 3 different interventions and 3 different “after” results
each phase must have 3 data points
AB Design
A is the baseline and B is the intervention
ABA Design
A new Baseline is observed (second A)
ABAB Design
gold standard, the pattern for the second AB mimics the first AB, giving more validity to the intervention
also called the “withdrawal design” bc you withdraw the treatment/intervention
