Quiz 2 Lectures 2-3 Flashcards
Why is there such a lack of genetic data of Indigenous peoples from the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene?
Genetic testing not done because Indigenous peoples don’t want the remains of their ancestors to be disturbed/destroyed through genetic testing.
Genetic testing was done on these domesticated animals to help us understand the movement of peoples during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition…
Dogs
Where was it determined that people were moving during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition?
Back and forth between Siberia and the Americas.
What other ways do we know the timeline of movement for late Pleistocene peoples?
Oral histories (ex. Bella Bella story).
What oral stories support the presence of people in the Americas during the late Pleistocene/early Holocene?
Bella Bella story (tells of the people moving across land mass that was mostly ice and a thin shoreline), Umatilla Coyote story (tells of sitings of wooly mammoths), and Osage tradition stories (tell of battle between great beasts - suggests the cohabitation of humans and megafauna).
Site at White Sands, New Mexico dated human presence in North America to what year? What was found there?
Dates human presence back to 23,000 BP. Footprints of human adult and children/teens found there.
Why is the Calico site significant?
Yielded evidence that hominins (not homo sapiens) had been in the Americas dating back to 130,000 BP. Not much more evidence to support this claim, however.
What environmental factors characterized the Pleistocene/Holocene transition (11,500BP-9,500BP)?
Forests, shrinking grasslands, rise in smaller fauna/decline in megafauna, rising sea levels/glacial melt, and an increase in lakes and flooding.
What environments did people live in in the northern-most parts of North America?
Tundra, coastal plains, lakes/bogs, mountains, and sea ice.
What kind of fauna were abundant in the northern North America?
Caribou, musk ox, walrus, seals, whales, and seabirds.
What are the simplified phases of Archaic arctic culture history?
Paleo-Arctic tradition, Northern Archaic Tradition/Ocean Bay, and Artic Small tool tradition.
What are some of the characteristics of Paleo-Arctic Tradition?
Microblade tools, use of now-extinct species of bison, elk, and horses, and the beginnings of reliable salmon fishing.
Who is Tim Rest?
Experimental Archeologist who recreates Paleo-Arctic tradition tools and lifestyle.
What was significant about the Paleo-Artic Tradition site Anangula?
24 semi-subterranean houses found and evidence of tool manufacture.
What was significant about the Ocean Bay site Kodiak Island?
The Ancestral homelands of Sugpiaq (Alutiiq). Artifacts found such as harpoons, bone hooks, ground slate tools, oil lamps, and pit houses.
