Quiz 2. Ethical Theory and philosophy Flashcards
Amoral
Lacking a moral sense
Unconcerned w/ right or wrongness of something
Immoral
Not conforming to accepted standards of morality
Character
The mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual
Morality
Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior
Duty
a moral or legal obligation; a responsibility.
Right
morally good, justified, or acceptable
Privilege
a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people.
What is ethical theory?
Moral Development
How do individuals become moral, born or learned? (both)
Moral development occurs in progressive steps
Ethically right
Ethically wrong
Ethically permissible
Ethically right
Required, must be preformed or followed
No room for choice
Ethically wrong
No choice, must be followed
Ethically permissible
Allows for choice, neither required nor prohibited
Theories of moral development
Males Justice Orientation
Female Ethic of care
Lawerence Kohlbergs Theory
Male Justice Orientation
Piaget
Kohlberg
Piaget
Four stage model
Amoral, Egocentirc, Heteronomous, Autonomous
Dealt w/ male children
Amoral Stage
Sensory Motor
Child interacts w/ env
Egocentric Stage
Preoperational
Bends rules and reacts instinctively
Heteronomous Stage
Concrete-motor stage
Accepts moral authority of others
Autonomous Stage
Formal
Morality of self-based
Can see how actions affect future
Kholbergs Overview
Dealt w/ children and adults
Cognitive, sequential, hierarchial, universal
Cognitive
based on thinking and influenced by experience
Sequential
one stage builds on another
Hierarchial
each stage is better than the previous
Universal
Applicable to all persons and culture
Levels of Kohlbergs Theory
1- Pre-conventional
2- Conventional
3- Post-conventional
Pre-conventional
Value resides in physical happenings, bad acts or needs
Rules are set by others
Punishment all tied w/ wrongness
Preconventional stages
- Obedience and punishment (obeys rules to avoid punishment)
- Instrumental relativist orientation ( obeys to obtain rewards and benefits, self interest)
Conventional
Value resides in good or right roles, maintaining order
Satisfies ones own needs
Not just one right view
Conventional Stages
- Interpersonal concordance orientation (good boy, nice girl morality, seeks acceptance rather than support right decisions, praise)
- Law and order orientation (blindly accepts rules, doing one’s duty, Social order maintained)
Post-conventional
Define values by ethical principle
Post-conventional stages
- Social Contract legalistic orientation (accept laws for community well being, laws are open to change as long as basic principles aren’t)
- Universal ethical principle orientation (guided by a set of strong internal principles, defined by decision of conscious)
Difference b/w social contract and universal ethical principle?
To civil disobedience and commit to justice
Female ethic of care
Women tend to see morality in context of relationship called, ethic of care
Female moral reasoning is different to male
Gilligan’s Model of moral development
Level 1, 2, 3
Level 1 of Gilligan’s
Orientation to individual, survival, and being moral is surviving by being submissive to society (I love me and I love you)
Level 2 of Gilligan’s
Goodness as self-sacrifice, where being moral is first of all not hurting others w/ no though of hurt to self (I love you more than me)
Level 3 of Gilligan’s
Morality of nonviolence, avoiding hurt becomes the moral guide governing all moral reasoning (I love myself and you)
Cognitive Development Theory
People operate on their experiences in order to make sense of them and those experience in turn change the basic way by which they construct meanings
Metaethics
Technical investment
The meaning or significance of what is right or wrong (good or evil)
Normative Ethics is a branch of metaethics
Normative Ethics
Group of theories that provide, define, and defend a system or principles and rules that determine whether actions are right or wrong
Deontology (Nonconsequentialism)
Teleology (Utilitarian/Consequentialism)
Deontology
Emphasis on duty, an obligation, an act to be done regardless of the consequences
Principle based ethics
Teleology
Consequentialism, end or goal
Consequentialism is predicted on the idea that the rightness or wrongness of any action is going to be determined and justified by the consequences of the act
(Do what’s good even if it’s not in hygienist best belief)
What’s the different between teleogists and deontologist?
Tele- concerned w/ the results of the action
Deon- Concerned w/ principle behind an action
What are the major ethical theories?
Virtue (Character based)
Duty
Utilitarian (consequence based, act and rules)
Social Justice (Right to have rights)
Virtue Ethics (Aristotle, Plato)
Virtues are excellence in character that enable individuals to live well in communities
To be virtuous involves choosing the middle, moderate ground b/w two extremes
(Judge by character instead of actions)
Duty Ethics (Kant)
Following duty, not pleasure
Acts are morally right regardless of consequences
Deontological: obligation or duty
3 basic duties
Absolute- binding under all circumstances (have to do it)
Prima facie- at first glance
Conditional- commitment that comes into being after certain conditions are met
Utilitarian Ethics (Mill)
Acts are right and good which produce that greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people
Actions are judged right or wrong by consequences
Teleology: end of goal
Social Philosophy
Justice- fairness, impartiality
Rights- valid claims guaranteed in society
Equality- state of being equal
Ex: Utilitarians understand social justice as a means to happiness, no one should suffer, priorities should be basic.
ROBIN HOOD THEORY
Rawls Theory of Justice
People have the right to equal basic liberties that a society affords.
Ex: Police speeding
Gifted people need to pay poor
Professional Socialization
Compliance, Identification, Internalization
