Quiz 2 (chapters: 6,7,9,10,11) Flashcards
describe clean
an object not contaminated with pathogens
describe dirty
an object that is contaminated with pathogens
What is sterilization?
all microorganisms are destroyed
what is disinfection?
Most, but not all pathogens are destroyed.
four reasons why elderly are at high risk for infections
hospitalized more often, skin tears more easily, bones are brittle and break more easily, decreased circulation and slow wound healing, catheters, dehydration and malnourished
hand hygiene
hand washing or alcohol bases hand rub
why should NAs avoid artificial nails
Avoid bacteria and contamination
when should gowns be worn?
coming into contact with body fluid, blood or secretions, or splashing/spraying of bodily fluids
when should mask and goggles be worn
goggles for splashing/spraying of blood or bodily fluids
mask for when resident is coughing or sneezing or have respiratory illnesses
don
wash hands, gown, mask, goggles, gloves
dof
gloves, goggles, gown, mask, wash hands
how are bloodborne diseases transmitted?
by entering bloodstream or if infected secretions contacts mucus membranes (sexual contact)
What does HIV do to the immune system
it weakens the immune system so that the body cannot effectively fight off infections
how is hiv transmitted
blood, infected needles, from mother to fetus, and a sexually transmitted disease.
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
what are some causes of hepatitis
Certain viruses, alcohol abuse, some medications, and trauma
how is HAV spread
fecal-oral route
how long can HAV live for and is there a vaccine?
HAV can survive outside the body for months. There is a vaccine available for HAV
how is HBV spread
HBV is bloodborne. HBV is spread through sexual contact by sharing needles, from mother to her baby during delivery, through improperly sterilized needles used for tattoos an piercings and grooming supplies
how long can HBV live for
live outside the body for 7 days
is there a vaccine for HBV
vaccine is usually given as a series of three shots
HBV complications
HBV can be FATAL. can lead to serious problems with the liver such as cirrhosis or liver cancer
how is HCV spread
HCV is bloodborne, it is spread through blood and body fluids
HCV complications
HCV can be fatal if it leads to serious illness such as cirrhosis or liver cancer. a liver transplant may be required
Vaccine for HCV
there is no vaccine for HCV but it can be cured with using certain medication sometimes in combinations
what is cirrhosis
liver damage
how is HDV spread
its transmitted by blood. BUT a person MUST have HBV in order to get HDV
is there a vaccine for HDV
there is no vaccine
how is HEV spread
fecal-oral route, mostly through contaminated water
is there a vaccine for HEV
no vaccine for HEV
Most common type of hepatitis
a,b,c
six chain of infection
causative agent
reservoir
portal exit
mode of transmission
portal entry
susceptible host
causative agent
Causative agent is a pathogenic microorganism that causes disease. Causative agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
reservoir
Reservoir is where the pathogens lives and multiplies. A reservoir can be a human, an animal, a plant, soil, or a substance.
portal exit
The portal of exit is any opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave. These include the nose, mouth, eyes,genitals/urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, or a cut in the skin.
mode of transmission
The mode of transmission describes how the pathogen travels. The transmission of an infectious disease occurs in different ways.
main routes of transmission
contact, airborne, droplet
the portal entry
Pathogens enter the human host through different portals of entry. The portal of entry is any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter.
These include the nose, mouth, eyes, and other mucous membranes, cuts in the skin, and
cracked skin.
susceptible host
A susceptible host is an uninfected person who could become ill. ( A person becomes a susceptible host when their resistance to disease decreases.)
where does microorganisms thrive best in
Warm, dark, and moist places
what are microorganisms
small living bodies that can be seen only under a microscope
mucous membranes
membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside of the body. These include the linings of the mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, and genitals.
two types of CDC
Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based Precautions
standard precautions; not including what?
Standard Precautions means treating blood, body fluids, non intact skin, and mucous membranes as if they were infected. NOT including sweat!
airborne precautions
prevent the spread of pathogens that travel through the air after being expelled. The pathogens are able to remain suspended in the air for extended periods of time. They are carried by moisture, air, currents, and dust.
airborne example
tuberculosis
droplet precautions
are used for diseases that are spread by droplets in the air. Droplets normally dont travel more than 6 feet. Talking, singing, sneezing, laughing, breathing, or coughing can spread droplets.
droplet precautions examples
influenza
contact precautions
spread by direct contact with another person or object.
contact precautions examples
pinkeye and c. diff
how to kill c. diff
if object use bleach
if hands, wash hands with soap and water
medical asepsis
reduce, remove, or control the spread of pathogens
surgical asepsis
completely free of microorganisms
MRSA abbreviation
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
CRE abbreviation
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae
VRE
vancomycin-resistant enterococcus
MRSA
developed resistance to antibiotic methicillin
CRE
developed resistance to antibiotic carbapenem
VRE
developed resistance to antibiotic vancomycin
how is mrsa spread
indirect and direct contact
how is cre spread
direct contact with an infected person
how is VRE spread
indirect and direct contact
MDRO
bacteria that are resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents
SDS abbreviation
safety data sheet
important information of sds
Chemical ingredient
Dangers of product
Pictograms
Protective items to wear
Correct way of use
Emergency response
Safe handling
why was restraints restricted
Restraints are restricted because caregivers overused restraints and residents were injured by the restraints
what are restraint alternatives
Restraint Alternatives are measures used in place of a restraint or that reduce the need for a restrain
List six signs to report to a nurse about intravenous (IV) therapy
- The needle or catheter has fallen out or moves out of the vein.
- The armboard or handboard becomes loose.
- The tubing is disconnected.
- Blood appears in the tubing.
- The IV fluid in the bag or container is gone or almost gone.
- The IV fluid is not dripping, is leaking, or the bag breaks.
What three things need to be present for a fire to occur?
heat
fuel
oxygen
If a fire has started, what should the nursing assistant do before opening a closed door?
check for heat
List two general safety steps to protect residents in a facility?
- If any visitor or staff member makes you uneasy, do not leave a resident alone with the person.
- If you notice anything suspicious, report it immediately.
pass
pull
aim
squeeze
sweep
race
rescue
alarm
contain
extinguish/evacuate
aspiration
food liquid foreign materials in the lungs
dysphagia
difficulty of swallowing
What are two resources that families may use to help them choose a care facility for a loved one
The family may review information from federal agencies, such as centers of medicare & medicaid
Ask recommendations from friends
During discharge of a resident, when does the nursing assistant’s responsibility for the resident end?
When the resident is safely in their vehicle and the doors are closed.
how many inches are there in five feet
60
lying flat on her back with knees flexed and her feet flat on the bed
dorsal recumbent position
lying flat on her abdomen with her knees pulled toward the abdomen and her legs separated?
knee chest position
lying on her back with her feet in padded stirrups?
lithotomy position
three functions sleep performs
Replace old cells with new ones.
Promotes healing and healthy body function.
Helps decrease the risk of certain illnesses and disease.
disposable meaning
only one time use
why should NAs carry clean linen away from uniform
avoid contamination
why should linen never be shaken
it may spread airborne contaminants
when making be NA should observe
their skin
when is a surgical bed made
when residents return on a stretcher from treatments or hospital visits
sleep apnea
dosruption of breathing while person is sleeping
stimulant that may prevent residents from sleeping
nicotine
a type of depressant (substance that causes calmness and drowsiness)
wine
bariatrics
branch of medicine that deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity.
biorhythms
natural rhythms or cycles related to bodily functions
circadian rhythms
24 hour day-night cycle
incontinence
inability to control bladder or bowel, which leads to involuntary urine and feces
parasomnias
sleep disorders
How does proper alignment benefit the human body?
Correct body alignment helps the body achieve balance without causing muscle or joint strain.
why should objects be close to the body
decrease stress on back
What is the benefit of using a draw sheet of other assist device when repositioning
help prevent skin damage
For a resident with one weak side and one strong side, which side should move first and why?
NA’s must plan the move so that the stronger side moves first and the weaker side follows. It is difficult for the weaker arm and leg to bear enough weight for the transfer if they are moved first.
when moving a resident down a ramp in a wheeelchair, which direction should they be facing
backwards
supine position
lying flat on his back
lateral position
lying on either side
fowlers position
semi sitting position 45-60 degrees elevated
device to help transfer residents
transfer belt
where should transfer belt be placed on resident
around waist, over their clothing
ergonomics
science to make equipment to make it safer for the residents
logrolling
moving a person as a unit, without disturbing the alignment of the body
prone
lying on the front side of the body
sims
lying on the left side, upper knee flexed pulled towards chest
