Quiz 2 (Chapters 5, 6, and 7) Flashcards
Protein Structures:
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
-amino acid sequence
-hydrogen bonds between polypeptide backbone forms: ahelix b pleated sheet
-three dimensional fully folded polypeptide
-more than one polypeptide chain bonded together
What is Microfilaments?
strands that help maintain cell shape during muscle contraction, cell motility, division of cells, and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
What is Microtubes?
hollow tubes that maintain the shape of the cell when there is chromosome or organelle movement
Monomers and Polymers: Macromolecules
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
-Lipids
What is Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Smooth: no ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and glycogen hydrolysis
Rough: has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis
What is Intermediate filaments?
cables of fibrous proteins that anchor the nucleus and other organelles inside the cell
What is a nucleotide (and what is it made of)?
sequences of genetic information composed of pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nucleobase
What is Macromolecules?
a very large polymer composed of smaller molecules
Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids
-no double bonds, tightly packed and solid at room temperature
-double bonds, unable to be tightly packed and liquid at room temperature
DNA vs. RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
-double stranded
-antiparallel and complimentary
-held together by hydrogen bonds
Ribonucleic acid
-involved in protein synthesis
-single stranded
-uracil instead of thyamine
What is Lysosome?
enzyme that breaks down anything not needed in the cell
What is the function of an RNA molecule?
protein synthesis
What is Pyrimidine bases?
single ring structure
-cytosine
-thymine
-uracil
What is Purine bases?
two fused rings
-adenine
-guinine
Starch and Cellulose Digestion
humans have the enzymes that can hydrolyze the a-glycosidic linkages of starch, but not the b-glycosidic linkages of cellulose
Deoxyribose sugars vs. Ribose sugars
deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on the carbon2
Hydrolysis and Dehydration reaction
-requires water and breaks a polymer into monomers
-removes water and joins monomers to build polymers
Light microscopy vs. electron microscopy
-1,000x and can see movement
-100,000x and can see layers, but no movement
What is cell fractionation?
separating different organelles to find relation between function and structure of individual organelles
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
-bacteria, archaea: no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
-fungi, plantae, annimalia: nucleus, membrane bound organelles
What is a Ribosome?
constructs a cell’s proteins
What is Mitochondria?
powerhouse of the cell, site of cellular respiration
What is a Vacuole?
tupperware of the cell
What is Chrloroplasts?
organelles found in plants that photosynthesize, similar to the mitochondria in an animal cell
What is cytoskeleton?
network of fibers that allow for organization of organelles within a cell
What is Extracellular matrix?
protects an animal cell, similar to the cell wall of a plant cells
What is glycolipids?
carbohydrate group attached to the lipids of the cell membrane
What is glycoproteins?
carbohydrate group attached to the proteins
What is cholesterol?
strong substance between lipids that enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when temperature drops
What is Fluid Mosaic Model?
states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it
What is phospholipids?
amphipatic molecules that are the most abundant lipid in the membrane
What is peripheral proteins?
loosely bound to the surface of the membrane (antigens)
What is integral proteins?
penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across the whole membrane (transmembrane proteins, pumps)
What is aquaporins?
channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water molecules
What is Lipid bilayer and Phospholipids (hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties)?
-polar hydrophilic heads
-non-polar hydrophobic tails
-nonpolar molecules pass
-polar molecules pass slowly (water)
What is Endocytosis?
the folding of the lipid bilayer to take in substances
What is Phagocytosis?
a form of endocytosis where the lipid bilayer folds around something to eat it (cell eating)
What is Pinocytosis?
non-specific process of cell digestion that is continual (cellular drinking)
What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?
selective process triggered by molecular signals
what is Centrioles?
a pair of cylindrical organelles involved in the making of spindle fibers in cell division
What is Golgi Apparatus?
a group of vesicles that receive, concentrate, package, and sort proteins
What is Peroxisome?
Oxidated organelles
