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BIO 102 > Quiz 2 Chap 4&5 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Chap 4&5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

important figures in magnifying technology and what they created

A

Robert Hooke - early compound scope (magnifying glass)

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - first dissecting microscope

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2
Q

3 components of Cell Theory

A
  1. all living organisms are made of cells
  2. cells are the basic units of life
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells that have multiplied
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3
Q

types of prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

types of eukaryotic cells

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

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5
Q

basic features of all cells

A
  • plasma membrane with semifluid cytosol
  • chromosomes (genes)
  • ribosomes (make proteins)
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6
Q

features of prokaryotic cells

A
  • no nucleus
  • DNA in unbound region (nucleoid)
  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
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7
Q

features of eukaryotic cells

A
  • membrane-bound nucleus (DNA) and organelles
  • cytoplasm between plasma membrane and nucleus
  • much larger than prokaryotic cells
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8
Q

challenges all eukaryotic cells experience

A
  • nutrition
  • excretion
  • energy
  • interaction with environment
  • reproduction
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9
Q

what limits cell size?

A

SA/volume ratio

  • as surface area increases by n squared, volume increases by n cubed
  • small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume
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10
Q

difference between plant and animal cells

A

animals: just semifluid membrane
plants: cell membrane and wall, more rigid
- chloroplasts
- large central vacuole

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11
Q

endomembrane system

A

complex and dynamic compartmental cell organization

  • regulates protein traffic
  • performs metabolic functions
  • components either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
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12
Q

parts of the endomembrane system

A 
plasma membrane
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vacuoles
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13
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective barrier to cell allowing for the passage of oxygen and nutrients

  • basic structure is a phospholipid bilayer
  • proteins allow for membrane transport, often active
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14
Q

nucleus

A
  • largest organelle, most of cell’s DNA

- shape maintained by nuclear lamina

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15
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane around nucleus (2 bilayers)

- pores regulate entry and exit of materials from the nucleus

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16
Q

chromatin

A

genetic material in nucleus (DNA and proteins), condenses into chromosomes during prophase I

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17
Q

nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

more than 50% of membrane in cell, continuous with nuclear envelope

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19
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes

  • synthesizes lipids
  • metabolizes carbs
  • detoxifies posions
  • stores calcium
20
Q

rough ER

A

bound ribosomes on surface

  • secretes glycoproteins (proteins bound to carbs covalently)
  • distributes transport vesicles
  • membrane factory for cell
21
Q

golgi apparatus STRUCTURE and function

A

flattened membrane sacs “cisternae”

  • modifies ER products and sorts material into transport vesicle
  • manufactures certain macromolecules
22
Q

lysosomes

A

digestive compartments
- membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest
macromolecules (hydrolize proteins, fats,
polysaccharaides, and nucleus acids)
- conduct autophagy – recycle the cell’s own
organelles and macromolecules

23
Q

phagocytosis

A

(when cells absorb bacteria/other material): lysosomes fuse with food vacuole to digest molecules

24
Q

types and functions of vacuoles

A 
food vacuoles (animals) -- break down macromolecules
contractile vacuoles (protists) -- pump excess water out of cells to help movement
central vacuoles (plants) -- hold organic compounds and water
25
Q

structure and functions of cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers (actin, myosin, dyenin) in cytoplasm

  • organizes cell shape, structure, and activities
  • anchors organelles
  • interacts with motor proteins
  • aligns chromosomes during cell division
26
Q

importance of mitochondria structure

A

double membrane, smooth outer and folded inner (cristae)

  • not connected to endomembrane system
  • increases SA for ATP synthesis
  • inner membrane separates intermembrane space and matrix
    • some steps of respiration catalyzed in matrix
27
Q

mitochondria function

A

change energy from one form to another

- cellular respiration, generates ATP

28
Q

metabolism

A

all of organism’s chemical reactions, emergent properties arise from interactions between molecules within cell

29
Q

metabolic pathway

A

linked series of chemical reactions

  • begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
  • each step catalyzed by a specific enzyme
30
Q

anabolic vs catabolic pathways

A

anabolic - build large molecules (i.e. protein synthesis)

catabolic - releases energy by breaking down complex molecules (respiration)

31
Q

ATP structure and what is it

A

cell’s energy shuttle

- made of ribose (sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups

32
Q

how does ATP function in the cell

A
  • energy released when phosphate bonds broken by hydrolysis

- ATP regenerated by an addition of a phosphate group to ADP

33
Q

phosphorylation

A

chemical addition of a phosphate group

  • phosphorylation cascade of proteins (signal transduction)
  • oxidative phosphorylation of ATP (cellular respiration)
34
Q

enzymes

A

catalytic proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

35
Q

catalyst

A

chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed

36
Q

activation energy

A

initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction, often supplied as heat from surroundings
**enzymes lower activation energy

37
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic: consumes organic molecules and O2, yields ATP
anaerobic: consumes compounds other than O2

38
Q

what is the fuel for respiration?

A

primarily glucose, but carbs, fats, and proteins can all power it

39
Q

redox reactions

A

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

- release energy used to synthesize ATP

40
Q

oxidation vs reduction

A

oxidation - substance loses electrons, is oxidized, is reducing agent
reduction - substance gains electrons, is reduced, is oxidizing agent

41
Q

what is oxidized during cellular respiration? what is reduced?

A
  • fuel (glucose) is oxidized
  • carriers like NADH are temporarily reduced, then oxidized in ETC
  • O2 is reduced (at the end of ETC to form H2O)
42
Q

how do electrons transfer energy in respiration?

A
  • electrons from organic compounds first transferred to NAD+ to make NADH
    and also to coenzyme A
  • each NADH represents stored energy to make ATP
  • NADH “electron carriers” donate electrons to compounds during the Electron
    Transport Chain
    • in ETC, O2 pulls electrons down the chain yielding energy for ATP in a series of redox reactions
43
Q

4 stages of respiration

A

glycolysis (glucose –> pyruvate)
pyruvate oxidation
citric acid cycle (completes glucose breakdown)
oxidative phosphorylation (most of ATP synthesis)

44
Q

what stages does most ATP come from?

A
  • 90% produced during oxidative phosphorylation, powered by
    redox reactions
  • rest produced during glycolysis and citric acid cycle by
    substrate-level phosphorylation
45
Q

glycolysis – where, what goes in, what comes out

A

occurs in the cytoplasm; 2 major phases

  • energy investment phase (-2 ATP)
    *ATP used in phosphorylation of glucose, then split into 2 3-
    carbon molecules
  • energy payoff phase (+4 ATP, +2 NADH)
    * phosphorylation without ATP investment
    * net gain of +2 ATP and +2 NADH
46
Q

pyruvate oxidation – where, what goes in, what comes out

A

occurs in matrix–pyruvate (3 carbon) binds with coenzyme A to become Acetyl CoA

47
Q

citric acid cycle – where, what goes in, what comes out

A

oxidizes pyruvate within mitochondrial matrix; 8 steps each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
***begins with Acetyl CoA, yields 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
per turn

  • acetyl group of Acetyl CoA joins the cycle by binding with
    oxaloacetate to become citrate
  • next 7 steps decompose citrate back to oxaloacetate (making a
    cycle)
  • NADH and FADH2 that are produced by the cycle relay
    electrons from pyruvate to the ETC

BIO 102 (14 decks)

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