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Bio 12 > Quiz 2 - Biochem (Carb, Lip, NA) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 - Biochem (Carb, Lip, NA) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 major classes of macromolecules

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
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1
Q

What are Macromolecules?

A

Larger molecules that are formed by smaller ones that joined together

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2
Q

What are Polymers?

A

Long molecules are built by linking repeated building blocks in a chain. Joined by cov bonds

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3
Q

What are monomers?

A

building blocks, repeated small units
-joined by cov bonds to make polymers

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4
Q

How do you build a polymer?

A

-DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTION

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5
Q

What happens in a DSR? (dehydr..)

A

-Joins monomers by “taking” out H2O
-One donates OH, other H.
-requires energy & enzymes

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6
Q

How do you break down a polymer?

A

-Digestions Hydrolysis Reactions

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7
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of, function, and monomer involved

A
  • C, H, O
  • Fast energy
  • Energy storage
  • Raw materials
  • Structural Materials
  • SUGARS (starch, cellulose)
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7
Q

Explain DHR (dig hydrolysis reac)

A

-Use H2O to break polymer (reverse DSR)
-Requires enzymes
-RELEASES energy

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8
Q

How are sugars classified? Explain the classifications

A

Classified by # of carbons.
6C = hexose (glucose)
5C = pentose (ribose)
3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of polysaccharides?

A

-ENERGY STORAGE
-starch (plants)
-glycogen (animals) in liver n muscles

-STRUCTURE
- cellulose (plant)
-chitin (arthropods n fungi)

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9
Q

What happens to the energy store in C-C bonds?

A

Harvested in cellular respiration

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9
Q

Explain why starch is easy to digest but cellulose is not? (humans)

A

Starch: all glycosidic linkages are on same side = molecule lies flat

Cellulose: cross linking between OH (H-bonds) = rigid structure

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10
Q

What is the covalent bond called that disaccharides create?

A

A glycosidic Linkage

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10
Q

What sugar structure form rings?

A

5C & 6C (ribose, glucose)

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11
Q

Give three points explaining cellulose

A

-Most abundant organic compound on earth
-herbis have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose, most carnis have not
CELLULOSE = undigestible roughage

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11
Q

What are monosaccharides, and give an example

A
  • Simple 1 monomer sugars
    -Glucose
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11
Q

What are the 3 types of sugars?

A

-Monosaccharides
-Disaccharides
-Polysaccharides

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11
Q

What are polysaccharides, and give an example

A

-Large polymers
-Starch

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12
Q

What are disaccharides, and give an example

A
  • 2 monomers
    -Sucrose
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13
Q

What is the diff between linear and branched polysaccharides? give examples

A

LINEAR: slow release
- Starch (plant)

BRANCHED: fast release
-Glycogen (animal)

Branched has faster digestion

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14
Q

What the diff between alpha and beta glucose?

A

ALPHA: H on top, OH on bottom

BETA: OH on top, H on bottom

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15
Q

Why do branched polysaccharides digest easier?

A

Many branches means many ends that enzymes can digest at.

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16
Q

How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

A

BACTERIA live in their digestive systmes & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

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16
Q

What are the properties of lipids? (5)

A

-Hydrophobic
-Consist mostly of hydrocarbons
-Not true macromolecules (too small)
-Not true polymers (not composed of repeating monomers)
- Varied in form and function

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17
Q

What are the four biologically important lipids

A

1) Fats
2) Phospholipids
3) Steroids
4) Waxes

18
Q

How are fats assembled and composed of

A

-Dehydration Synth reac
-Composed of glycerol and fatty acids

18
Q

What is the structure of glycerol

A

-Alcohol w/ 3 carbons, each with a hydroxyl group attached

18
Q

Give a description of fatty acids (3 points)

A
  • Long carbon skeleton - 16 to 18 C in length
  • Ends in carboxyl group
  • Non-polar C-H bonds make it hydrophobic
19
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids?

A

-Saturated (single bonds, hydrogen
- Unsaturated (double bonds, not sat w/ H)

20
Q

Which type of acid is kinked and why?

A

Unsaturated fatty acid. This is due to presence of cis double bond

20
Q

Triglyceride is made up of what?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

21
Q

Explain triglycerides in adipose tissue

A

-Adipose tissue is composed of cells that store fat in the form of triglycerides
-related to caloric intake compared to burn
-trig stored in adipose can be broken down by hydrolysis; cellular respiration
-insoluble in water

21
Q

Explain adipose tissue in animals

A

-Animals in cold regions have thick layers of adipose called blubber between skin n muscle
- “endotherms” - animals that use homeostasis)

22
Q

Give 4 points on saturated fats and an example

A

-No double bonds in fatty acid chains
-Can pack tightly together
-Solids at room temperature due to high melting point
-Linked to atherosclerosis
-EX: butter

22
Q

Give 4 points on unsaturated fats and an example

A

-Double bond in one or more chain
-Kinks in chain due to cis double bonds
-Cant pack together tightly
-Liquids at room temp
-EX: VEGETABLE OILS

23
Q

What is the difference between a monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

Mono = 1 double bond
Poly = more than 1

23
Q

what is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?

A

CIS: hydrogen atoms are on same side of the 2 carbons that r double bonded

TRANS: opposite sides

24
Q

Give 4 points of trans fats

A
  • Most unhealthy fat
  • Increases risk of heart disease
    -Produced by industrially adding H to liquid plant oils to make more solid (margarine)
    -UnSAT fats w/ 1+ double bonds in “trans” config
24
Q

What disease is often correlated with trans fats?

A

Coronary heart disease. Diseased arteries were found to contain high amts of trans fats.

25
Q

What are the 3 functions of fats

A

1) ENERGY STORAGE - 1 gram of fat store 2x more energy than 1 gram of carbohydrate - stored in adipose cells
2) CUSHIONS VITAL ORGANS
3) INSULATES THE BODY - maintains body temp

26
Q

What are phospholipids made of

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

26
Q

What is it called with something is part hydrophobic + philic?

A

Amphipathic

26
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A
  1. Phosphate head
  2. Glycerol backbone
  3. Fatty acid tails
27
Q

WHat is the phospholipid syimbol

A

composed of a philic head and phobic tails, will self-assemble into bilayer structures when add to water

27
Q

What are cell membranes made of

A

Phospholipid bilayers

27
Q

Give 4 points on steroids

A

-Carbon skeleton consists of 4 fused rings
-Non-polar due to large # of C-H. hydrophobic
-Occur naturally in plants, animals, fungi
-Variation in functional groups attached

27
Q

Name 3 steroids and their structure

A

-Cholesterol
-Testosterone
-Estrogen
-ALL RINGS

28
Q

What is GOOD cholesterol

A

-high density lipoprotein; reduces deposition of cholesterol in plaques on blood vessel walls

28
Q

What is BAD cholesterol

A

LDL (low dens lipoprotein) - increased deposition of cholesterol in plaques

29
Q

what is the significance of “like dissolves like” with steroids and membranes?

A

Steroid hormones can pass through the cell and nuclear membrane of target cells; can then regulate expression of genes in DNA to ctrl protein prod.

30
Q

Give 3 points of explain waxes

A

-Cover feathers of some aquatic birds
-Cover surfaces of leaves to prevent water loss
-Composed of long fatty acid chains connected to alcohols

30
Q

What do Nucleic Acids do?

A

in charge of the storage and transmission of hereditary info

30
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids

A

-Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
-Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

31
Q

Explain the central dogma of biology

A

DNA is the “code” of life that determines the protein sequence which is the “stuff” of life

32
Q

If nucleic acids = polymers, what do monomers equal?

A

Nucleotides

32
Q

What are the 3 parts of nucleotides

A

-nitrogenous base (C-N ring); A,T,C,G in DNA- A,U,C,G in RNA

-pentose sugar (5C) ; ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA

-Phosphate group

33
Q

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases

A

-Purines; double ring N base, adenine, guanine

-Pryimidines; single ring N base; cystosine (C), thymine in dna, uracil in rna

33
Q

Explain the nucleic acid structure (4)

A

-Backbone; suger to PO4 bond
-DSR
-phosphodiester bond (covalent)
-polymer grows in one direction
-nitrogenous bases hang off the sugar-phos backbone

34
Q

explain the dna molecule (and one point on RNA)

A

-Double helix
-H-bonds between bases join 2 strands
-easy to ‘unzip’

RNA: single stranded

35
Q

how do the pairings of nucleotides work?

A

purine bonds with pyrimidine (A ::T)

36
Q

How is DNA copied?

A

-Replication
-Complementary strands in DNA

36
Q

When does a cell copy DNA

A

-Cell rep (mitosis)
-Gamete production (meiosis)

36
Q

Who figured out the DNA model

A

-Watson n crick
-Wilkins
-Rosalind Franklin

Bio 12 (7 decks)

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