quiz 2

Question 1

phenomenology

Answer 1

Disciplinary origins - psychology/philosophy

Study aims - to understand everyday life experiences by describing the “essence” of a phenomenon

Important when not much is known about something

Appropriate topics “fundamental to life experiences”

Question 2

purpose of qualitative study

Answer 2

help us understand experiences, feeling, perspectives, beliefs
To explore issues where we don’t know much
To gain in-depth understanding of something

Types of questions: why? What are the experiences of…” How does it feel to be….”

Question 3

Name the different types of qualitative studies

Answer 3

Phenomenology most commonly
Ethnography
Grounded theory

Descriptive qualitative studies
Narrative analyses
Case studies

PEG
Dogs Not Cats

Question 4

GIve examples of phenomenological topics

Answer 4

Examples:
Meaning of suffering
Experience of domestic violence
Quality of life with chronic pain

Question 5

Goal of phenomenology studies

Answer 5

Goal of phenomenological inquiry - understand lived experience and its sequelae.

Reports - rich, vivid. Allow readers to “see” the phenomenon

Question 6

what is Grounded theory

Answer 6

Why do people behave the way they do… what is the main concern driving their behaviour?

Data collection - unique approach; frequent interviews, observations; analysis uncovers patterns or categories that are universal; emphasis on behaviors, not individual participants

Inductive theory generation - main concern or problem discovered from data; understanding it leads to understanding basic social processes

Question 7

example of grounded theory

Answer 7

bullying in the workplace

Question 8

grounded theory beliefs and concepts

Answer 8

Data collection, analysis, participant sampling occurs simultaneously - recursive/iterative process

Constant comparison - refinement of categories through constant review of data (earlier data informs later data collected)

Data collection becomes more focused over time… theoretical constructs emerging

Nurse researchers have altered grounded theory over time…

Question 9

name sampling type in qualitative studies

Answer 9

Convenience - persons at the right time and place for data collection

Snowball (chain) - someone knows someone who knows someone….capitalizes on participants’ social networks, can help with difficult-to-access populations

Purposive - purposeful… based upon needs of the study

Theoretical (theory-based) - sometimes called purposive, but is truly driven by need to generate theory (e.g., grounded theory); needs emerge over time; assists in category discovery

it was CONVENIENT for the SNOWBALL to PURPOSEFULLY hit THEO

Question 10

describe qualitative sample study

Answer 10

Purposive
Small, nonrandom
Not intended for generalization so “representativeness” of a population not necessary
Exact # needed may not be known before data collection begins…

Ideal - best source of data; may be an incident not a person

Inclusion criterion - must have experienced the phenomenon of interest

Question 11

Describe sampling data for phenomenological studies

Answer 11

Phenomenology
Usually 10 or fewer participants/informants
Inclusion - must have experienced the phenomenon of interest, able to discuss it
May require persons who have differentially experienced the phenomenon (e.g., some with +, some with - experiences)

Question 12

Describe sampling data for grounded theory

Answer 12

Grounded theory
Commonly, 20-30 participants who are selected over time based upon study needs. Stops with data saturation.
May end with confirming/disconfirming cases.

Question 13

How should qualitative sampling be?

Answer 13

not focused on generalizability but getting a picture of what the context is

Question 14

hypothesis generalization

Answer 14

Hypothesis generation (creation of new generalizations which can be tested further or used to enhance understanding) more a goal than hypothesis testing (sample generalizes to a population)

Question 15

data collection in qualitative studies, sources?

Answer 15

Sources of data?
Interviews - individual, group
Observations
Documents - journals, charts, books, essays, newspaper articles
Artifacts - documents, photographs, art

Question 16

When reading about qualitative studies think about..?

Answer 16

Fluidity, flexibility… what does this mean?

Ethics in qualitative studies?

Question 17

Appraisals of qualitative studies may address

Answer 17

dependability authenticity transferability Credibility, , confirmability (Lincoln & Guba’s Framework, 1985)

DAT CC

Question 18

Dependability

Answer 18

Dependability – stability of data over time and conditions

Question 19

Confirmability

Answer 19

Confirmability – objectivity or neutrality of the data and interpretations

Question 20

Transferability

Answer 20

Transferability - term used for utility of qualitative findings

Question 21

Authenticity

Answer 21

Authenticity – extent to which researchers fairly/faithfully show a range of realities

Question 22

Ethnography

Answer 22

methodology often used to study of people in their real life settings

Question 23

Key Ethical issues

Answer 23

1. recognizing and minimizing any risk of harm
2. participants understand and are fully informed
3. Right to confidentiality and anonymity
4. Explanations about the process
5. opportunity to withdraw