Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochem 2 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Is heat flow a source of energy

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Gibbs Free energy

A

stored energy that can be measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Gibbs Free energy express

A

the amount of energy capable of doing work in a reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the requirements for standard transformed conditions

A

25C
1atm
1M of reactants and products
ph 7.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the formula for pH calculation

A

ph=-log[H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are there exceptions to 1 M concentrations for standards

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the exceptions to 1M concentrations for standards

A

H+
H2O
Mg2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the standard concentration for H+

A

1.0x 10^-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the standard concentration for H2O

A

55.5 M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the standard concentration for Mg2+

A

1 mM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is equilibrium

A

when the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

At equalibrium are the concentrations of reactants and products equal

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

While the concentrations are not equal at equilibrium, what has occurred to the concentrations at equilibriu

A

they reach a steady state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do organisms typically reach equilibrium, why or why not

A

no, because they would die due to no driving force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When the ratio is greater than one, does the reaction favor the reactants or products

A

products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If a reaction has a negative equilibrium constant, what does that indicate about the reaction

A

the reaction is exergonic, favorable under standard conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

For two reactions, how can you calciulate the standard free energy change

A

add the two reactions together because standard free energy changes are additive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is entropy

A

measure of randomness in an equation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is enthalpy

A

measures bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Under favored conditions what is enthalpy

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Under favored conditions what is entropy

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

under favored conditions what is free energy change

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is metabolism used by the cell

A

to obtain chemical energy
convert nutrient molecules into cell’s molecules
polymerize monomeric precursors into macromolecules
synthesize and degrade biomolecules required for specialized cellular functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the cell obtain chemical energy

A

by capturing solar energy or degrading energy rich nutrients from the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

According to the chemical form in which they use carbon from the environment, what two groups can living organisms be divided into

A

autotrophs

hetertrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some autotrophs

A

photosynthetic bacteria, green algae, vascular plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do autotrophs obtain carbon

A

uses CO2 from atmosphere as their sole source of carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do hetertrophs obtain carbon

A

complex organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Can heterotrophs obtain carbon through CO2

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are some heterotrophs

A

multicellular animals and most organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are heterotrophs dependent upon

A

products of other organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are autotrophs dependent upon

A

nothing, they are self sufficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Do all organisms need nitrogen

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do bacteria obtain nitrogen

A

ammonia or nitrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do vertebrates obtain nitrogen

A

in forms of amino acids or other organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does energy flow through the biosphere

A

one way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why does energy only flow through the biosphere in one way

A

organisms cannot regenerate useful energy from energy dissipated as heat and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Can carbon oxygen and nitrogen recycle continuously

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why can’t the energy from these compounds be regenerated

A

energy is transferred into unusable forms such as heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is metabolism

A

sum of all chemical transformations taking place in a cellular organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What allows these chemical transformations to take place

A

series of enzyme catalyzed reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are these enzyme catalyzed reactions called

A

metabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does each step in the pathways cause

A

a removal, transfer, addition of an atom or functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a metabolite

A

metabolic intermediates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does metabolite interact in the metabolic pathway

A

precursor is converted into a product through a series of metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is intermediatory metabolism

A

the combined activities of all metabolic pathways that interconvert precursors, metabolites and products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is catabolism

A

degradative phase of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What occurs during catabolism

A

molecules are converted into smaller and simpler end products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What energy change occurs during catabolism

A

energy is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

In what types of forms is energy released

A

ATP and reduced electron carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is anabolism

A

building phase of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What occurs during anabolism

A

biosynthesis, small simple precursors are built up into larger and more complex molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What types of molecules are built during anabolism

A

lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What energy change occurs during anabolism

A

required energy input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How is energy input into anabolism

A

phosphoryl group exchange and reducing power of NADH, NADPH, FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is a cyclic pathway

A

one starting component of the pathway is regenerated in a series of reactions that convert another starting component into a product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Can organisms do both anabolism and catabolism

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What occurs in organisms when anabolism is occurring

A

catabolism is suppressed (vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Because one pathway is suppressed, what must occur in order to not shut down both pathways

A

there must be different enzymes for both reactions/ pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the two ways that metabolic pathways are regulated

A

availability of the substrate

allosteric regulation by a metabolic intermediate or coenzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

When does the availability of the substrate have an impact on metabolic pathways

A

when near or below Km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What types of metabolic intermediates of conenzymes regulate metabolic pathways

A

amino acids, ATP, growth factors, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does bioenergetics study

A

energy transductions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are energy transductions

A

changes of one form of energy into another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Where do energy transductions occur

A

in living cells, nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the 1st law of bioenergetics

A

the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, energy may change form or be transported from one region to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the 2nd law of bioenergetis

A

all natural process, the entropy of the universe increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is Gibbs free energy

A

amount of energy capable to do work during a reaction at constant temperature and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

a negative gibbs free energy is what

A

exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

a positive gibbs free energy is what

A

endergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What does enthalpy measure

A

heat content of the reacting system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What does enthalpy reflect

A

number and kins of chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

If a reaction released heat what is it

A

exothermic

74
Q

If a reaction absorbs heat from its surrounding what is it

A

endothermic

75
Q

What does entropy measure

A

the randomness or disorder in a system

76
Q

A gain in entropy indicates what

A

more disorder

77
Q

WHy is heat flow not a source of energy

A

heat can only do work as it passes to a zone or object at a lower temperature

78
Q

Where does photosynthetic organisms get energy

A

solar radiation

79
Q

Where do heterotropic get energy

A

nutrient molecules

80
Q

What are solar radiation and nutrient molecules converted into

A

ATP

81
Q

How is the standard transformed constants identified

A

written with prime ‘

82
Q

If Keq’ is greater than one, what is it’s standard free energy change

A

negative

83
Q

If Keq’ is less than one, what is its standard free energy change

A

positive

84
Q

When the standard free energy change is negative is the reaction spontaneous forward or backward

A

forward

85
Q

Why is a negative free energy change spontaneous forward

A

products contain less free energy than the reactants

86
Q

When standard free energy change is positive will the reaction be spontaneous forward or backward

A

backward reaction

87
Q

WHy is a positive free energy change spontaneous backward

A

products contain more free energy than the reactants

88
Q

What is the criteria for a system to be at equilibrium

A

rate of rxn forward is same going backward, no net change

89
Q

Does the actual concentration of metabolites affect standard free energy change. WHy or why not

A

no, because when you calculate, you assume everything is 1M

90
Q

Does the actual concentration of metabolites affect free energy change Why or why not

A

yes, you use this when testing under cellular or conditions other than standard

91
Q

Metabolically irreversible reactions are what

A

reactions far from equilibrium

92
Q

A reaction at equilibrium will have a delta G value of what

A

0

93
Q

What is irreversible reaction in regards to free energy sign and magnitude, reactant/product concentrations

A

there is going to be a great amount of products in comparison to reactants, the free energy change value is going to be large and negative.

94
Q

Which types of reactions are near equilibrium

A

reactions that only have a small energy change

95
Q

Which type of reactions are far from equilibrium

A

reactions that have a large energy change

96
Q

What is the energy that links catabolism and anabolism

A

ATP

97
Q

Where do heterotropic cells obtain energy

A

catabolism of nutrient molecules

98
Q

What do heterotropic cells use energy for

A

making ATP

99
Q

What is ATP made from

A

ADP and P

100
Q

What does ATP donate its chemical energy to?

A

endergonic processes

101
Q

What are examples of endergonic processes

A

synthesis of metabolic intermediates and macromolecules from smaller precursors
transfer of substrates against its gradient
mechanical motion

102
Q

What is the magnitude and sign for the free energy charge for ATP hydrolysis

A

Large and Negative

103
Q

What does hydrolysis of ATP compose of

A

hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal phosphoric acid anhydride bond in ATP

104
Q

What does cleaving the terminal phosphoric acid anhydride bond do

A

seperates one of the three negative charged phosphates

105
Q

In cleaving one of the phosphates what is relieved

A

the electrostatic repulsion in ATP

106
Q

How and Why is Pi stabilized

A

formation of several resonance structures

107
Q

What is the standard free energy for ATP hydrolysis

A

-30.5kJ/mol

108
Q

not under standard free energy changes what is the delta G

A

very different

109
Q

Why is delta G different in actual conditions than the standard

A

cellular concentrations of ATP, ADP, Pi are not identical and much lower than 1.0M
Mg2+ binds to ATP and ADP which makes MgATP substrate

110
Q

What is deltaGp

A

phosphorylation potential

111
Q

What is phosphorylation potential

A

actual free energy of hydrolysis of ATP under intracellular conditions

112
Q

Why can deltaGp differ between the cells

A

depends upon metabolic conditions and how ATP, ADP, Pi concentrations are altered

113
Q

What is the free ADP in resting muscles estimated to be between

A

1 and 37 uM

114
Q

Where should ATP concentrations be held in regards to equilibrium

A

far above for the hydrolysis reaction

115
Q

When ATP levels drop, what occurs

A

amount of fuel decreases and the fuel loses potency

116
Q

What are some other phosphorylated compounds

A

PEP

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

117
Q

What is PEP stand for

A

phosphoenolpyruvate

118
Q

What does PEP contain structure wise

A

a phosphate ester bond

119
Q

What does the phosphate ester bond undergo

A

hydrolysis

120
Q

What does the phosphate ester bond undergoing hydrolysis yield

A

the enol form of pyruvate

121
Q

What occurs to the enol form of pyruvate

A

it tautermerizes to the more stable keto form

122
Q

What is the standard free energy of hydrolysis of PEP

A

-61.9 kJ/mol

123
Q

What structure wise does the 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate molecule contain

A

anhydride bond

124
Q

hydrolysis of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate has what standard free energy change

A

-49.3 kJ/mol

125
Q

When water is added across the anhydride bond of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, what is one of the direct products

A

3- phosphoglyverate

126
Q

How many resonance forms does 3-phosphoglycerate have

A

two

127
Q

In phosphocreatine, the P-N bond can be hydrolyzed to produce what

A

creatine and Pi

128
Q

What is the delta G for phosphocreatine to creatin

A

-43.0 kJ/mol

129
Q

What is a thioester

A

sulfur atom replaces the usual oxygen in the ester bond

130
Q

What type of standard free energy changes occur for hydrolysis of thioesters

A

large, negative

131
Q

How do thioesters compare to esters in regards to resonance

A

thioesters have less resonance stabilization

132
Q

What does hydrolysis of esters produce

A

a carboxylic acid

133
Q

What is the standard free energy for hydrolysis of esters

A

-31.4 kJ/mol

134
Q

How do the produces vs reactants compare for reactions with a large neg. delta G

A

products are more stable than reactants

135
Q

What is bond strain in reactants due to

A

electrostatic repulsion

136
Q

How is electrostatic repulsion relieved

A

charge separation

137
Q

How are the products of a reaction stabilized

A

ionization, isomerizations, resonance

138
Q

ATP hydrolysis only accomplishes what

A

heat liberation

139
Q

Can heat liberation drive a chemical process in an isothermal system

A

no

140
Q

What is the first step of phosphate transfer

A

phosphoryl group is transferred to a substrate molecule or to an amino acid

141
Q

How is the phosphate attached to the substrate molecule

A

covalently attached

142
Q

How does covalently being attached affect free energy content

A

raises its free energy content

143
Q

What is the second step of phosphate transfer

A

The phosphate is displaced generating, Pi, Pd or AMP

144
Q

How does ATP participate to which it contributes free energy

A

covalently in the enzyme catalyzed reaction

145
Q

How much energy can hydrolysis of ATP provide in regards to how much work can occur

A

enough to cycle proteins between two conformations

146
Q

Cycling proteins between two conformations produces what

A

mechanical motion

147
Q

What are the two groups phosphate compounds are divided into

A

high and low energy

148
Q

What rule says a compound is high energy

A

the delta G is more negative than -25kJ/mol

149
Q

What rule says a compound is low energy

A

the delta G is greater than -25kJ/mol

150
Q

Why is breaking a bond and getting energy misleading

A

the bond does not contain energy

151
Q

Breaking a bond is always what

A

endothermic

152
Q

Where does the free energy result when breaking ATP bond

A

products of the reaction that have a lower free energy than the reactants

153
Q

Reactions of ATP are what type of reactions

A

SN2 nucleophilic displacements

154
Q

Each of the 3 phosphates are subject to what

A

nucleophilic attack

155
Q

What is adenylation

A

attack at the alpha position, displaces PP and transfers adenylate as an adenyly group

156
Q

What is adenylate

A

5’AMP

157
Q

PP is hydrolyzed by what enzyme

A

pyrophosphatase

158
Q

How much energy is released through pyrophosphatase

A

19 kJ/mol

159
Q

What reactions fuel all work done in orgnaisms

A

redox

160
Q

What is a reduced source of electrons

A

food

161
Q

How do electrons move

A

via complex pathways

162
Q

What do cells do to electrons

A

convert electrons into work

163
Q

What does LEO says GER stand for

A

loss electrons oxidation

gain electrons reduction

164
Q

What is emf

A

electromotive force

165
Q

Is electron affinity similar for all chemical species

A

no

166
Q

When electrons flow through a circuit what do they produce

A

emf

167
Q

When charge increases is this oxidation or reduction

A

oxidation

168
Q

When charge decreases is this oxidation of reduction

A

reduction

169
Q

is glucose oxidized or reduced

A

oxidized

170
Q

electrons flow from what position to what position

A

lower to higher potentials

171
Q

What does reduction potential depend upon

A

the specific activities

172
Q

How does delta E relate to delta G

A

electron flow results in energy

173
Q

What is the benchmark standard reduction potential reaction

A

H+ + e- to 1/2 H2

174
Q

What is the reduction potential for the benchmark reaction

A

E=0V

175
Q

true or false

breaking any bond is always exothermic

A

false

176
Q

True or False

breaking any bond is always endothermic

A

true

177
Q

Why is breaking any bond always endothermic

A

because bonds are stable

178
Q

True or False

whether breaking a bond is endothermic or exothermic depends on the bond

A

False

179
Q

True or False

Any reaction that involves ATP as a reactant will have a large negative deltaG

A

False

180
Q

Why won’t all reactions involving ATP have a large negative deltaG

A

if the products are more positive than reactants, this would lead to a positive deltaG

Biochem 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions