quiz 2 Flashcards
rhythm
A repeating process at regular intervals
seasons, days/years, etc
period
Length of time to complete one cycle
daily, annually, lunar, tidal, etc
Ultradian
Cycles with periods lasting less than 24 hours
tides
Circannual
Periods in a cycle that last about 1 year
Circadian
Periods in a cycle that last about 24 hours
calendar days
Infradian
Periods in a cycle that last more than 24 hours
annual, lunar, seasonal, etc
Exogenous rhythms
When animal is removed from environment they no longer exhibit the same regular cycles because they relied on environmental cues for their cyclic behaviour
Endogenous rhythms
Biological clock, i.e. cycles independent of environmental cues (may shift slightly over time when deprived of cues, but occur in same intervals)
Free running rhythms
biological clock when it is not being influenced by external/environmental time cues
Entrainment
Process which environmental rhythm, like light/dark cycle, regulates period and phase of biological rhythm
Zeitgeiber
“Time giver”
-An environmental cue to reset circadian clock
-Free run rhythm
(light cues (day/night) for rest, hormone secretion, feeding, etc)
Where is the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) located?
Dense cluster of neurons in hypothalamus, depending on sensory info from eyes
play
- behav that is pieces of other behav patterns (usually incomplete/ exaggerated)
- elements drawn from different behav patterns put in new sequences
- Social
- Locomotor
- Object play
Proximate influences of play
- Sex differentiation (androgen levels)
- energy levels
- social environment (affects rate)
- predation pressure (dec rate)
Functions of play
- practice for hunting later in life (enhance physical training)
- enhancing cognitive development (problem solving skills)
- facilitation of social bonding
- regulation of energy reserves (juveniles ridding of excess energy)
- training for dealing with unexpected events
Home range dispersal (sex bias)
- one sex disperses, the other stays results in a reduction of inbreeding
- sex most involved in teritory acquisition/defence stays
- sex that gets first choice in breeding sites is the one that stays
- avoid competition with kin (resources and mates)
- if one sex is more cooperative with others they are more likely to stay
Dear enemy phenomenon
- neighbouring territorial animals become less aggressive once territorial borders are well-established
- accustomed to neighbours, expend less time/energy defensive behav
- aggression to unfamiliar neighbours is the same
Resource holding potential
- Ability of animal to defend its resources from competitors
- increase fitness by assessing own potential to compared to opponets and adjust fight strat to fit
dispersal (costs)
- high energy loss (result of increased movement)
- increased risk of predation (less familiar with physical/social environment)
migration (costs)
- increased energy loss
- increased predation
- increased exposure to weather
Inbreeding avoidance
-dispersal of one sex is predicted to be linked to be result of one sex not breeding with their other sex siblings, making them disperse to find mates
Affiliative behaviours
desire to/formation of social and emotional bonds with others (grooming, touching, and hugging)
Agonistic behaviours
Behav that encompasses all conflict betw conspecifics, including threats, submissive behav, chasing, and physical combat
Not used to describe aggressive acts betw species, such as predation
net rate of energy intake from feeding:
Ef=(Es+Ep+Ec+Eh)/(Ts+Tp+Tc+Th)
Net energy = energy spent:
-searching for food
-pursuing food (prey)
-consuming (chew/digest)
-handling time (manipulate food before eating)
Divided by time spent searching, pursuing, consuming, and handling food
Optimal foraging theory
make energy/time spent and higher risk of injury/predation when acquiring food worth it by getting foods to result in a positive net energy
Frequency dependent selection
An increase one phenotype makes them the go to ‘search image’ for predators, resulting in the other phenotype having higher fitness, but eventually they are the more abundant phenotype and thus they switch roles and they are the ‘search image’
Prey acquisition strategies: Passive
sit/wait:
- disguise
- trap/lure
recruit conspecifics (only if if payoff is greater than solitary): -passive: hear/smell kill
Stotting
deer and antelope jump to show predator it has been detected, and that the prey is fit enough to escape (wasting energy and still able to escape)
Aposematism
warning coloration to announce dangerous/unpleasant attributes
Mimicry
(dishonest signal)
- Batsean: looks like a toxic animal but isn’t
- Mullerian: unrelated species share same warning signal
antipredator behaviours
- attack
- avoid detection
- avoid consumption
- avoid capture
antipredator: attack
- distract/deter: lure away from chicks then escape
- alarm signal: calls, pheromones, other noises
- fight back: advertise toxicity, mob behaviour, weapons (spines/chemical)
antipredator: avoid detection
- crypsis: camouflage with backdrop
- masquerade: pretending to be something else
antipredator: avoid consumption
- play dead
- fight back
antipredator: avoid capture
- flight
- synchrony: reduce probability that any one will be captured (safety in numbers)
- startle/confuse/misdirect: eye spots, spray ink, blind
example of optimal foraging theory (crows and whelks)
Crows getting the biggest whelks to drop on the rocks because they fly to the same height to drop them and the bigger ones will break sooner (fewer times to fly up and drop them, wasting energy) and the bigger whelks have more mass/food to give back used energy
Prey acquisition strategies: active
- roam/strike
- stalk/rush: stealth, chase, quick kill bite
- courser: run prey to exhaustion
recruit conspecifics (only if if payoff is greater than solitary):
- pheromones
- vocalization
- central forage place
- multiple trips to forage and come back to central place (colony/den)
- follow successful foragers
Migration
Movement away from home range that doesn’t stop upon encountering first suitable location
migration (benefits)
- attaining better/positive net energy balance
- less fighting for resources in harsh winters
dispersal (benefits)
- avoid kin competition for resources/mates
- avoidance of inbreeding
Home range dispersal (birds)
- females are more likely to disperse
- male territory to attract females, females disperse
Home range dispersal (mammals)
- males are more likely to disperse
- males compete for females, so males disperse to increse chances of getting mates)
- if father is not present when daughters are sexually mature, males dispersed
- if father is present when daughters are sexually mature, females disperse to avoid inbreeding
- polygamous means males have more competition so they disperse (monogamous: equal competition and equal disperse)
