Quiz #2

Question 1

Techniques used for primary data collection

Answer 1

• Focus groups
• NGT (Nominal Group Technique)
• Delphi Technique
• Key informant interviews
• In-depth interviews
• group/individual observation

Question 2

Methods/key elements of focus groups

Answer 2

focus group guide, probing questions, facilitator, notetakers

Question 3

Advantages/Disadvantages of focus groups

Answer 3

o Advantages: Group dynamics, having a voice, level of structure, not a strict method
o Disadvantages: Group think (one person can take over), laid back, difficult to incentivize, recruitment, could lead to bias; can’t generlize

Question 4

Nominal Group Technique methods

Answer 4

♣ Brainstorming sessions, writing down ideas until ideas are listed/exhausted
♣ Clarification process (questions on items)
♣ Ranking process (taking one- 5 ideas that are most important, assign point values)
♣ Tally points

Question 5

Advantages/Disadvantages of NGT

Answer 5

o Advantages: equitable, idea generation and what bubbles up as most important
o Disadvantages: intentional, time intensive, not suitable for indepth discussion, Time consuming/prep work

Question 6

Delphi technique methods

Answer 6

♣ Focused more on expert opinions, iterative process
♣ Give estimates and assessments to a facilitator to review data
♣ Facilitator creates a summary report.
♣ Then provide updated feedback to the facilitator.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_method

Question 7

When to use focus groups

Answer 7

• new ideas or discussing problems, strengths/weaknesses
• capitalize on group dynamics
• not too sensitive for group discussion

Question 8

Advantages/Disadvantages of Delphi technique

Answer 8

o A- bring together diverse views, relatively equal ideas,

o D- time consuming, iterative process, eliminates extreme opinions

Question 9

Types of individual interviews

Answer 9

• structured
• semi-structured
• unstructured

Question 10

Structured interviews methods

Answer 10

• Interviewer asks each respondent the same series of questions.
• Questions are created prior to the interview and often have limited response options.
• Sequencing and phrasing of questions are kept consistent
• Little room for variation in responses

Question 11

Reasons for using structured interviews

Answer 11

1. literature in a topical area is well developed
2. following the use of observational and other less structured interviewing techniques
3. can construct meaningful and relevant close-ended questions

Question 12

Semi-structure interview methods

Answer 12

1. Interviewer develops and employs an interview guide:
2. interview guide: list of questions or issues to be explored during the interview – Specific order and wording may vary.
3. Interviewer can follow topical trajectories in the conversation that may depart from the guide

Question 13

Reasons/advantages for using semi-structured interviews

Answer 13

• rich data, details, insights
• opportunity to probe/dig deeper
• Interviewees free to express their views in their own terms

Question 14

Advantages of structured interviews

Answer 14

• Data analysis is simple,
• Responses can be directly compared and easily aggregated
• Many questions can be asked in a short period of time
• Can reach larger sample

Question 15

Limitations of structured interviews

Answer 15

• interviewer has to stick to the pre-determined wording/sequence of questions
• less adaptable
• time-consuming (vs. online)

Question 16

Limitations of semi-structured/unstructured interviews

Answer 16

• responses may be less comparable due to interviewer flexibility
• volume of data may large and difficult to organize/analyze
• time-consuming

Question 17

General advantages/disadvantages of individual interviews

Answer 17

oA: Helps build report, can gather more in-depth information

oD: time consuming, a lot of data to think through; recall/error bias;

Question 18

Considerations for gathering qualitative data for a CHA

Answer 18

• Issue Identification
• Purpose
• Sampling
• Administration
• Data Recording/ Documentation Method
• Data Management
• Data Analysis

Question 19

Important notes for survey/interview guide development

Answer 19

• Questions need to be clear
• Avoid double barrel questions
• Making sure our literacy level is accurate
• Avoiding leading questions or bias; or framing

Question 20

Typical interview guide components

Answer 20

¥ Introduction (Explain project purpose, who’s involved, what will happen with information)
¥ Key Questions (5-10)
¥ Probing Questions (ask participants to reflect more deeply)
¥ Closing Question (any additional comments)
¥ Summary (if time permits)

Question 21

Types of qualitative coding schemes/strategies

Answer 21

♣ A priori codes: developed prior to qualitative work
♣ Code by question or inductively as topics arise
♣ Inductive: based on topics that emerge from data

Question 22

Steps for analyzing qualitative data

Answer 22

♣	Develop a priori codes
♣	Prepare notes
♣	Discuss new codes, update codebook
♣	Create coding strategy (double coding)
♣	Thematic analysis
♣	Key quotes
♣	Data interpretation

Question 23

Integrative quantitative/qualitative data analysis

Answer 23

♣ Compare, contrast findings

♣ Interpret collective findings that answer your research question

Question 24

Purpose of prioritization methods

Answer 24

Prioritization techniques provide a structured approach to analyze health problems and solutions, relative to all criteria and considerations, and focus on those that will prove to have the greatest impact on the overall health of a community.

Question 25

Types of prioritization techniques

Answer 25

• multi-voting technique
• strategy grids
• nominal group
• hanlon method
• prioritization matrix

Question 26

Characteristics of multi-voting technique

Answer 26

• Participants brainstorm ideas.
• -Narrow down a long list of topics through multiple rounds of prioritizing ideas.
• In order for an idea to progress, it has to receive at least the # of votes equivalent to the # of items on the list.
• Time consuming, multiple rounds.

Question 27

Characteristics of strategy grids

Answer 27

way to identify issues/need and where you would get the biggest result. 
2x2 table (high need/low need; high impact/low impact) where the interventions fall in that grid (agency, with limited resources, getting the most bang for your buck) 
*importance/urgency and feasibility.

Question 28

Characteristics of hanlon method

Answer 28

• Determine objective list of priorities and score on a health concerned (on a predetermine set of criteria)
• Trying to create an objective assessment with criteria you’ve already established.
• Applying a PEARL test. Then calculate scores at end.
• Use this method to identify possible solutions

Question 29

Characteristics of prioritization matrix

Answer 29

Use when a large number of criteria are considered in choosing priorities or when restricted to 1 health issue. Criteria rankings are used in matrix form to calculate totals for each row. The highest row will be prioritized

Question 30

Importance of prioritization

Answer 30

• To improve Health Outcomes
• Maximize resources
• Engage and align partners

Question 31

Key elements needed for decision-making

Answer 31

• Acquiring sufficient evidence on all options
• Rational and systematic approach
• Relying on experience, intuition, and judgment
• Know the local context

Question 32

Key informant interviews advantages/disadvantages

Answer 32

Adv: in-depth information, insider’s point of view, establishment/fostering of stakeholder and community relationships

Limitations: time and resource intensive,
Potential for biased info, can limit representativeness, concerns/frustration from those who were not interviewed