Quiz 2

Question 1

The Archaic Period

Answer 1

ca. 800 to 500 BC
1. Increased trade and overpopulation lead to colonization (vs. Ionian migration)
2. Political stability through the rise of the polis (vs. oikos of Dark Ages)
3. Tyrants (from tyrannos)
4. Hoplite warfare: new form of Greek warrior where citizen soldiers purchased their own armor and had formations; emphasized group mentality rather than the individual

Question 2

Polis

Answer 2

1. Community of citizens (adult males), citizens without citizen rights (women and children), and non-citizens (resident foreigners/metics/metoikoi and slaves; never received any form of citizenship)
2. Defined area (incl. Farmhouses and villages) and defined constitution; independent but united through culture (aka panhellenism); had focal points of being fortified, having a market (aka agora), an assembly, and seats of government
3. Run by a hereditary aristocracy but trade brought money to the traditionally subordinate class, which led to increased demand for citizen rights by the demos and growing tensions between the demos and the aristocracy; eventually led to the revolutions that would establish tyrants in the 7th Century BC (eg. Corinth; Cypselus)

Question 3

Sparta

Answer 3

1. Lycurgus (early 7th Century BC) created law codes and emphasized military training/education for citizen males; saw each other as equals (aka homoioi), mentality created out of fear that the demos/perioikoi/helots would revolt
2. led to exploitation of indigenous slaves (aka helots) and the “lower” stature neighbors (aka perioikoi)
3. had a three-body constitution that included citizen assembly, gerousia (aka old man’s council, or senate), magistrates (aka ephors)

Question 4

Sparta Avoids Revolution

Answer 4

internally democratic power elite (citizens), archaic dual kingship, exploitation of indigenous Messenians and Laconians as serf labor force

led to three Messenian Wars:

1. 8th Century BC
2. Helot revolt in 7th Century BC
3. mid-5th century BC

Question 5

Xenophon and the Politeia of the Spartans

Answer 5

4th Century BC

1. had concepts of marriage and physical fitness for women in order to birth the ideal soldier; concept of education and thievery to encourage leadership and military stratagems
2. public messes and sharing wealth with equals
3. possession of wealth or luxury goods was discouraged
4. complete obedience to rulers and elders
5. held principle that a noble death was better than living with dishonor

Question 6

Aristotle and the Constitution of Athens

Answer 6

had three political offices

1. King Archon: ceremonial office of kinghood
2. Polemarch: leader in war
3. Archon: administrative ruler

also had the Council of the Areopagus (meaning hill of Ares) which functioned as a court that held trials

Question 7

Draco’s First Law Code

Answer 7

621 BC

1. citizens who provided their own armor were able to choose generals (aka strategoi) and 9 officials (archons)
2. all citizens represented in assembly (aka ekklesia) and in council (aka boule)

Question 8

Solon’s Archonship

Answer 8

ended in 594/3 BC

1. abolished debt slavery and cancelled debts
2. provided the right to sue and the right to appeal to jury courts (aka dikasteria)

abolition of debt slavery led to tensions between demos and aristocracy, impoverished some aristocrats, and a great social change

Question 9

Peisistratos

Answer 9

seized power in 560/1 BC, exiled 5 years later, returned 11 years later, exiled again 6 years later, returned again 11 years later, died 1 year later; used different rouses to return from exile

ran state moderately and constitutionally, advanced money to the bankrupt, was benevolent and liked by aristocracy and demos

Question 10

Post-Peisistratos

Answer 10

from 526 BC onwards, sons Hippias and Hipparchus ruled

514 BC – Harmodius and Aristogeiton (both aka Tyrannicides, or killers of tyrants) kill HIpparchus; eventually killed by Hippias

510 BC – Hippias ousted with help from Sparta and the rule of tyranny ends while increasingly democratic reforms are instituted

Question 11

Reforms of Cleisthenes

Answer 11

508/7 BC – Alcmaeonid, new champion of demos

1. created tribes (of 4 to 10 something and mixed people of different wealth statuses) and boule (of 400 to 500 people with 50 from each tribe)
2. constructed concept of ostracism which prevented tyranny by allowing the citizen assembly to oust or exile an individual

Question 12

Ephialtes

Answer 12

462 BC; new champion of demos

1. stripped Council of Areopagus of powers because it was anti-democratic in that members (typically aristocrats) held positions for life
2. powers of Areopagus transferred to boule, ekklesia, and dikasteria (made the assembly more powerful than the magistrates)

Question 13

Pericles

Answer 13

from mid-4th Century BC onwards

1. introduces pay for jury duty,which helped the poorer demos
2. created a law limiting Athenian citizenship to those with both an Athenian mother and father