Quiz 2 Flashcards
Three Pulping Methods
Mechanical
• Chemical
• Semi-mechanical
What is Mechanical Pulping
hi yield, beats & shortens fibers, reduces strength, used for low quality papers
What is Chemical Pulping
low yield, expensive, does not damage fibers, results in high quality papers
What is semi mechanical pulping
Blending of chemical and mechanical
Three types of paper making machinery
FourdrinierCylinder
Twin wire
Cylinder machinery
has definite layers or plies, low quality filler layers can be used to bulk up middle, and higher quality layers as liners, no limit to thickness
Twin wire machinery
dewatering takes place on both sides, produce single and multi-ply sheets with identical formation at both faces
Why are starches and gums added to up penetration
additives to improve the burst and tensile strength, stiffness and pick resistance
Why are wet strength resins added to pulp penetration
additives to improve wet tensile strength retention under high humidity or damp conditions
Surface or Dry-end Treatments and Coatings
Calendaring
Starch, modified rosins and waxes
Clay, calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide pigments
What is calendaring used for
after the paper is formed and dried it is passed thru multiple sets of heavy rolls to iron and smooth the surface
What are Starch, modified rosins and waxes used for
typical surface sizings to fill surface voids and reduce liquid penetration
What are Clay, calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide pigments used for
used to improve opacity, gloss, brightness, and printing detail requirements
Name 5 paper types
Tissues Label Pouch Newsprint Clay coated
Name 5 paperboard grades
Chipboard Cardboard News board Bending chipboard Lined chipboard
Name 3 paperboard packaging styles
Folding carton
Setup carton
Tubs
What is corrugated fiberboard
the most common distribution container material and the regular slotted container (RSC) is the workhorse of the corrugated box industry
What is RSC
Royal Society of chemistry
What are 3 examples of a folding carton
Pasta
Cereal box
Waffles
What is Fourdrinier machinery
Fourdrinier: limit to thickness of paper that can be produced
What Additives & sizings added to pulp preparation
Sizing agents & rosins
Starches & gums
Wet strength resins
Why are Sizing agents & rosins added to pulp preparation
additives to help control water & ink penetration
Brightness
measure of reflectance of white light (1 - 100) not a measure of color
Furnish
mixture of fibers, additives and water (also referred to as slurry)
Hydroscopic
gaining or losing moisture as a function of RH
Hydroexpansive
expanding or shrinking due to moisture change
Viscoelasticity
the apparent strength as a load is applied vs the creep
that paper fibers experience over time (static strength)
Machine Direction
the alignment of fibers in the direction of travel
Cross Direction
across the fibers
Mullens Burst Test
the pressure required to puncture a sheet of paper or paperboard
Edgewise Compression Test
judging the load-carrying capacity of the construction in terms of developed facing stress.
Flat Crush Test
Measure of the resistance of the flutes of a corrugated (fluted) board to the pressure applied perpendicularly to the surface,
What are the 4 types of metals used in packaging
Aluminum
Tin
Lead
Steel
Why is aluminum used
Most by volume
Why is steel used
Most by weight
Why is tin used
Used as a protective coating on cans
Why is lead used
Used for metal tubes
What are two types of cans
3 piece
2 piece
What is a 2 piece can
Made of steel or aluminum
What is a 3 piece can
made exclusively of steel, can body and two ends
What are 3 can styles
3 piece sanitary food can
Flat round can with slip cover
Aerosol can
What are 3 advantages of aluminum foil
Conducts heat
Recyclable
Dead fold
What are 3 disadvantages of aluminum foil
Easily torn
Pin holes
Cracks
What are three styles of glass containers
Jug
Jar Bottle
Bottle
What are the two types of trees
deciduous and evergreens
What are 3 advantages of glass
Strong
Transparent
Reclosable
What are 3 disadvantages to glass
Breakable
Weight
light permeation
What are 3 glass colors
Amber Emerald Blue White Red
What are 3 styles of glass closures
Crown
Roll on
Lug
What are the Purposes of Packaging?
contain, transport, protect/preserve, communicate
What is the first definition of packaging?
One unit of a product, uniformly processed, wrapped or sealed in a container
What is the second definition of packaging?
The preparation of goods for shipment and marketing. Marketing includes every aspect of distribution, storage and merchandising
What are the 4 P’s in packaging
Price
Promotion
Place
Product
What are some primitive packaging tools?
Skins, Bark, Leaves, Twigs
What packaging was used in 6000 BC
Clay Pots, Fabricated Sacks, Baskets, Bags
What happened in 1400BC
Pottery & Ceramics born (heat added, quite likely by accident)
What happened between 1400 – 1850
Stoneware. Before refrigeration containers were needed to keep food cold for periods of time
What is containing a package?
its physical form the products nature (toxic, perishable, fragile)
What is transporting a package
Effective movement from point of production to point of consumption
What is protecting a package
Refers to the prevention of physical damage
What is preserving a package
Refers to stopping or inhibiting chemical and biological changes
What to do when informing or selling
Messages required by law
Specific name of product, Quantity contained, Address of Manufacturer
Must appeal to the consumer
Selection of material, Shape and size, Color, Predominant typography, Recognizable symbols or icons, illustrations
What are Utility of Use / Convenience Features
Some feature that aids in the use of the package/product. Something that makes the package fun or pleasant to use the product.
What is Consumer Packaging
retail packages for foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, hardware, personal care items, durables, toys, and cosmetics
What is industrial packing
– distribution package for bulk food, machinery, chemicals, electronic devices
What is military packing
key is preservation, for long term storage into hostile environments
What is Hazardous Material Packaging
products which require special packaging and must meet requirements of rigorous performance testing
What are raw materials companies
wood, sand, crude oil, metal mining
What are material processing companies
wood to paper, sand to glass, crude oil to plastics, steel foundries, aluminum mills
What are converters companies
enhances basic materials: converts materials to boxes, aluminum foil, print, laminate substrates together
What are Demographics
a numerical count of how many people are in specific, easily quantifiable classifications. Derived from national census. Examples: gender, age, cultural background, marital status
What are Psychographics
the study of how groups of people are motivated and how they behave. Examples: rednecks, yuppies, baby boomers, dinks
What is packaging design
The graphic component that attracts and informs consumers and motivates a purchasing decision through decoration; form; material and shape
What is the fundamental messages in packaging design
What is it? You have seven seconds to deliver this message to the consumer
What is it going to do for me? “The significant point of difference” or “The unique selling proposition”
Who guarantees that? Is the name and reputation of the maker. This can be the company name or the brand name
Customer easily identifies products and companies by:
The company name itself, a brand name, a symbol, a typographic style, a color or color pattern, a shape
What is a monomer
Individual structural unit
What is a homopolymer
One type of a monomer
What is a copolymer
Two different monomer
What is a terpolymer
Containing three monomers
What is Amorphous polymer
plastics that have a random arrangement of the polymer chains (in molten state all polymers are amorphous)
What is a Crystalline polymer
plastics with high molecular regularity
What is a Orientation
external force (physical stretching) that imparts higher degree of crystallinity to the cooling polymer
What are the two major families of plastics
Thermosets
Thermoplastics
What are Thermosets
molded into shapes under heat and pressure; do not melt with re-application of heat; adhesives, coatings, inks, some specialty closures
What are Thermoplastics
resins are formed from long-chain organic polymers; formed into shapes by heat & pressure; will re-melt with re-application of heat; recyclable; most packaging plastics
What are 3 shaping plastics
Extrusion
Oriented extrusion
Blown extrusion
What are 3 types of plastic
Polyethylene
Polystyrene
Polyamides
What are three types of Polyethylene
HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE
What are flexible packaging laminates
Purpose is to combine the best of all properties – protection, aesthetics, machinability and cost , into a single packaging structure
What are 3 bonding methods
Wet bonding
dry bonding
hot melt
What is wet bonding
using solvent or water based adhesives
What is dry bonding
drying solvent based adhesives to tacky, then applying pressure
What is a hot melt
use of hot melt adhesive
What is Extrusion or co-extrusion
using extruders to melt resin which is applied to substrate as a thin film, then using pressure to bring two webs together
What 4 materials can plastic be classified in
physical
optical
chemical
PERMANENCE
What is the physical plastic classification
or mechanical, properties that relate to a polymer’s strength and machinability
What is the optical plastic classification
have to do with the appearance of the surface of the plastic, and are particularly important w/ films
What is the chemical plastic classification
are the material’s resistance to grease, oils, soaps, acids, solvents, and other chemical agents; includes gas and water permeability
What is the PERMANENCE plastic classification
relate to the film’s ability retain its strength and dimensions in varying environmental conditions; temp & RH
What are 4 fragility factors of distribution packing
Compression
Shock
Vibration
Heat or Cold
What are 4 environment factors of distribution packing
Handling
Storage
Transportation
Stacking
What are THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE PACKAGING
Reuse
REDUCE
Recycle
recover
What is reuse
where practical, packaging components should be reused
What is reduce
design packaging to use the minimum amount of material consistent with fulfilling basic functions
What is recycle
packaging should be collected and the materials recycled for further use
What is recover
before consigning packaging to a landfill, some thought should be give to recovering some other value from the waste
What are the four flute sizes for corrugated
ACBE
Which flute size has the best cushioning
A
Which flute size is the strongest
E
What is an example of a carded package
batteries
What is an example of a setup box
shoe box
What makes up glass
sand, flint, spar
