Quiz 2 Flashcards
What is not a specific criterion for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter?
Ability of the substance to travel long distance between the site of origin and target area
What is not a catecholamine neurotansmitter?
Serotonin (dopamine, epinephrine, noreponepherine)
What is not a monamine transmitter?
Acetylcholine (dopamine, serotonin, epinepherine,)
What is not an amino acid neurotransmitter?
Dopamine (Glutamate, GABA, glycine)
What neurotransmitter is found in nuclei of the basal forebrain?
Acetycholine (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin)
The dopamine neural pathway from the ___ to the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in the experience of reward
ventral tegmental area
A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitters serotonin is the
raphe nucleus
A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitters norepinephrine is the
locus coeruleus
Noradrenergic axons project into the
all of the above (limbic system, thalamic nuclei, cerebral cortex)
Drugs that mimic GABA receptors might be effective in treating
anxiety disorders
In the mamalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is
GABA
the NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter
glutamate
GABA receptors are
inhibitory
If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor more strongly than drug B, then drug A is said to have greater
affinity
Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. this relationship is called the
dose- response curve
People who have used a particular dose of a drug several times may develop a similar response to the same dosage of other drugs in the same class. this is an example of
cross tolerance
repeated exposure to a drug leading to a decrease in physiological response is called
tolerance
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work by
allowing transmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft
curare is a drug that selectively blocks receptors for
acetycholine
the antipsychotic drug haloperidol is practically selective for dopamine ___ receptors
D2
Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking ____ receptors
dopaminergic
Bensodiazepines appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter
GABA
Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with
GABA receptors
The main active ingredient found in marijuana is
delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Cannabinoids have been found to be widely distributed in the brain but apparently they are not present in significant numbers in the
cerebellum
Which drug is not found in nature or derived from natural substances
Amphetamine
reduced gray matter, absense of the corpus callosum, abnormal brain organization, and characteristic deformities of the head and face are seen in
fetal alcohol syndrome
what modle of drug abuse and addiction focuses on the addicts desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms
physical dependence
the moral model of drug abuse suggest that addiction is caused by
character weakness in addicts
drugs that stimulate the ___ pathways provide powerful positive rewards that may eclipse the pleasures derived from other activities
dopaminergic
the drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to
heroin
disulfiram is prescribed for people who are trying to overcome dependence on
alcohol
what statement about substance abuse interventions is false
substance abuse interventions that target genes instead of enviornments are the most effective approachs
some species of snakes are sensative to
infrared energy
which of the following skin receptor types is especially sensitive to stretching of the skin?
ruffini corpuscles
the brain recognizes action potentials from different sensory modalities as separate and distinct because
action potentials from different modalities are carried on different nerve tracts
vibration of ___ stretches the nueronal membrane, allowing sodium channels to open and action potentials to fire
pacinian corpuscles
which receptors type would be most useful for reading Braille
Merkels discs
what statement about the receptive field of a sensory neuron on skin is true
receptive fields of sensory neurons have a characteristic shape with excitatory and inhibitory regions
receptors show little or no adaption to maintained stimulation are called
tonic receptors
the progressive loss of sensitivity of a sensory receptor as a consequence of sustained stimulation is known as
sensory adaption
what statement best reflects the evolutionary advantage of sensory adaption
it prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little info about the world
the dorsal column system crosses to the contralateral side of the nervous system at the level of the
medulla
cortical neurons that respond to info in more than one sensory modality are known as
polymodal neurons
which of the following is an example of synesthesia
envisioning bright fireworks wwhenever you hear mozart
the representation of the human body in the somatosensory cortex especially emphasizes the
hands and lips
plasticcity of somatosensory cortical maps is evident following
all of above
info about pain and temp in the anterolateral system crosses the nervous system at the level of the
spinal cord
phantom limb pain is an example of
neurophatic pain
in the mirror treatment of phantom limb pain, the visual illusion
tricks the brain into thinking it is controlling the amputated limb
what part of the CNS integrates pain info
cingulate cortex
which of the following statements about the use of morphine to relieve surgical pain is true
the risk of addiction to morphine used to relieve surgicial pain is close to zero
EMG studies have revealed that a voluntary movemment of the arm is immediately preceded by
a postural response
Nervous system motor plans must balance a trade off between
speed and accuracy
which is listed in the correct order from most simple to most complex
reflex, motor plan, movement, act
muscles are connected to bone by
tendons
when athletes work out to improve their stamina, one of the goals is to enhance their
slow twitch muscle fibers
the motor unit is a
single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates
the neurotransmitter ___ is produced and released by motorneurons to stimulate skeletal muscles
acetylcholine
which receptor responds when you stretch your arm out to catch an object
muscle spindle
which about the primary cortex (M1) true
motor respresntation on M1 change with training
the supplementary motor area and the premotor contex are areas of
nonprimary motor cortex
the ___ seem to be important in the initiation of movememnt sequences
SMA
mirror neurons are especially interesting to researchers becuase
all of the above
Parkinsons disease is linked to
degeneration of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra
Frequency of sound is measure in
hertz
sounds that are higher on the dB scale are percieved as
louder
the wide variety of ear shapes and sizes seen in mammals ccan be attributed to
adaption to different enviornmental challanges
what structure is not part of the external or middle ear
organ of corti
the tiny bones of the middle ear are collectively known as
ossicles
the tensor tympani is attatched to the
malleus
the stapes connects to the
oval window
the organ of corti includes all of the following exxcept
the stapedius muscle
the organ of corti lies within the
tectorial duct
the stereocilia of the hair cells contact the
tectorial membrane
the tensor tympani and stapedius muscle are essential for
protecting the auditory system from intense sounds
the canals of the cochlea are filled with ___ thus sound is carred in the form of _____
fluid, waves
the auditory stimulus is transducted into electrical signals by the
hair cells
neighboring stereocilia are joined by
tip links
the nerve fibers that contact the inner hair cells make up ___% of the afferent fibers in the auditory nerve
95
most auditory nerve fibers carry messages ___ hair cells
from the inner
the mechanical responses of the OHCs appear to as as a cochlear
rectifier
each level of the auditory system shows
tonotopis mapping
brain scans of an individual listening to speech sounds is likely to show activiation of
all of the above
studies of cortical activation have revealed that similar brain regions are activated when a subject is listening to words and when he or she is
speaking
the average hearing capacity of humans is in the range of
20-20000 Hz
frequency discrimination in which the pitch is determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons is called
temporal coding
sound latency differences between the 2 ears allow an organism to
localize sound
among musicians the extent of brain response to musical notes is correlated with
age at which musician training begins
the phenomenon of amusia is an inability to
discern tunes accuretly
the arcuate fascicules is very prominent in individuals who
have a strong ability to discriminate pitch
which is not a principal class of deafness
peripheral deafness
the initial site of damage in noise induced deafness is usually
hair cells
the vestibular system inform the brain about
the movement and position of the body
what event signals the brain that the head has moved
the deflecting of the sterocilia
what is not part of the vestibular system
eustachian tube
what is not considered one of the basic tates
fruity
many toxic substances taste
bitter
People perceive sweet
only at the tip of the tongue
humans have evolved a high sensitivity to
bitter taste
one of the reasons that monosodium glutamate is used as a flavor enhancer is that
the unami receptor responds to foods that are naturally savory
Although humans produce only 350 olfactory receptor proteins, we able to discriminate at least 5,000 odorants because
each odor activates a characteristic combination of different kinds of receptor molecules.
Outputs from the olfactory bulb make synaptic connections to all of the following except the
thalamus
A person diagnosed with anosmia
cannot experience flavor
the mechanical responses of the OHCs appear to as as a cochlear
rectifier
each level of the auditory system shows
tonotopis mapping
brain scans of an individual listening to speech sounds is likely to show activiation of
all of the above
studies of cortical activation have revealed that similar brain regions are activated when a subject is listening to words and when he or she is
speaking
the average hearing capacity of humans is in the range of
20-20000 Hz
frequency discrimination in which the pitch is determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons is called
temporal coding
sound latency differences between the 2 ears allow an organism to
localize sound
among musicians the extent of brain response to musical notes is correlated with
age at which musician training begins
the phenomenon of amusia is an inability to
discern tunes accuretly
the arcuate fascicules is very prominent in individuals who
have a strong ability to discriminate pitch
which is not a principal class of deafness
peripheral deafness
the initial site of damage in noise induced deafness is usually
hair cells
the vestibular system inform the brain about
the movement and position of the body
what event signals the brain that the head has moved
the deflecting of the sterocilia
what is not part of the vestibular system
eustachian tube
what is not considered one of the basic tates
fruity
many toxic substances taste
bitter
People perceive sweet
only at the tip of the tongue
humans have evolved a high sensitivity to
bitter taste
one of the reasons that monosodium glutamate is used as a flavor enhancer is that
the unami receptor responds to foods that are naturally savory
Although humans produce only 350 olfactory receptor proteins, we able to discriminate at least 5,000 odorants because
each odor activates a characteristic combination of different kinds of receptor molecules.
Outputs from the olfactory bulb make synaptic connections to all of the following except the
thalamus
A person diagnosed with anosmia
cannot experience flavor
