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M1 HAE term 2 quiz 2 > quiz 2 > Flashcards

quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

major derivatives and related nerves of cephalic primorida

A

ectoderm (surface ectoderm) - special sense placode - CN I, II, VIII

ecotoderm (neuroectoderm - neural crest cells) - ectomesenchyme - CNV

mesoderm (paraxial mesoderm) - somitomeres and somites - III, IV, V3, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

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2
Q

derivatives of surface ectoderm placodes

A

CNI - nasal placode - olfactory epithelium
CNII - lens placode - lens
CNVIII - otic placode - inner ear and vestibular system

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3
Q

ectomesenchyme

A

derived from neural crest cells
migrate to pharyngeal arch system of head and neck region adn form ectomesenchyme - condenses to form non-retinal parts of eyeball, dermis of the face, anterior bones of the neurocranium, leptomeninges around the brain

areas supplied by divisions of trigeminal nerve

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4
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue
loosely organized
has the ability to migrate and differentiate into different cell types
can develop from any germ layer

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5
Q

ectoderm

A

gives rise to the epidermis of the face and rest of the body

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6
Q

paraxial mesoderm

A

posterior bones of the skull and basicranium

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7
Q

calvaria

A

forms by intramembranous ossificaiton of ectomesenchyme (frontal bone) or paraxial mesenchyme (parietal and occipital bones)

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8
Q

basicranium

A

forms by endochondral ossificiation of sclerotome portion of occipital somites (paraxial mesoderm)

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9
Q

viscerocranium

A

bones that make up facial skeleton
primarily formed by intramembranous ossification of ectomesenchyme from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pharyngeal arches (neural crest cells)

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10
Q

components and contents of a typical pharyngeal arch

A

bilateral cores of ectomesenchyme that line the primitive oral cavity and pharynx
covered externally by surface ectoderm
pharyngeal clefts with pharyngeal membranes of surface ectoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and endoderm (layers)
pharygeal pouches from gut tube (lining of endoderm)
pharyngeal floor - lined by endoderm => unpaired adult structures
bar of cartilage - ectomesenchyme (1,2,3) and lateral plate mesoderm (4-6)
muscle component from somitimeres or somites (paraxial mesoderm)
cranial nerve (neural tube)
aortic arch artery (visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm)

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11
Q

pharyngeal arch cartilage derivatives

A

arch 1: meckle’s cartilage, malleus, incus
arch 2: stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of the hyoid
arch 3: greater horn of the hyoid
arch 4: thyroid cartilage
arch 6: cricoid cartilage and bottom of thyroid cartilage

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12
Q

pharyngeal arch muscle derivatives

A

arch 1 - muscles of mastication
arch 2 - muscles of facial expression
arch 3 - stylopharyngeus
arch 4-6 - laryngeal muscles

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13
Q

pretrematic branches

A

1st to frontonasal prominence - CN V1
2nd to 1st - chorda tympani (CN VII) - taste fibers to anterior 2/3 of tongue
3rd to 2nd - tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal (CN IX) - sensory innervation to middle ear and auditory tube
6th to 4th - internal laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X) - sensory innervation to larynx superior to vocal cords

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14
Q

artery derivatives of pharyngeal arches

A

1 - mostly disappears (small part of maxillary)
2 - mostly disappears
3 - common carotid, proximal internal carotid
4 - aortic arch, proximal right subclavian
6 - proximal pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus

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15
Q

arch 1

A

trigeminal nerve
muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
incus, malleus, greater wing of sphenoid, roots of pterygoid plates, sphenomandibular ligament, mandible
maxillary artery

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16
Q

arch 2

A

facial nerve
muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper body of hyoid
artery mostly disappears

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17
Q

arch 3

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
stylopharyngeus
greater horn and lower body of hyoid bone
common carotid, proximal portion of internal carotid

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18
Q

arch 4-6

A

vagus nerve (CN X)
cricothyroid, constrictors of the pharynx, intrinsic muscles of the larynx, striated muscles of esophagus
thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage
4th arch - right subclavian, aortic arch
6th arch - pulmonary arteries, ductus areteriosus

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19
Q

cervical sinus

A

remnants of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, pharyngeal clefts that are normally obliterated when 2nd pharyngeal arg overgrows to make neck and fuses with heart bulge

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20
Q

derivatives of face primordia

A

frontonasal prominence - forehead, nose, philtrum, primary palate
maxillary prominence - upper cheek, maxilla, zygoma, lateral portion of upper lip, secondary plate
mandibular prominence - lower lip, lower cheek, mandible

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21
Q

cranial nerves

A 
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochelar
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
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22
Q

platysma

A

flat skeletal muscle in subcutaneous tissue of anterolateral neck
CN VII
origin: undersurface of skin of lower neck and lateral chest
insertion: skin of lower face and angle of mouth

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23
Q

investing fascia

A

splits to encompass trap and SCM

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24
Q

visceral fascia

A

around thyroid, trachea and esophagus, larynx

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25
Q

pre-vertebral fascia

A

around vertebral column and deep muscles associated with it

extends laterally as axillary sheath

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26
Q

carotid sheath

A

around jugular vein, carotid artery, vagus nerve, deep cervical lymph nodes

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27
Q

axillary sheath

A

lateral extension of prevertebral fascia

surrounds axillary vessels and brachial plexus of nerves

28
Q

muscles that attach to hyoid bone

A 
infrahyoid:
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
suprahyoid:
ant. digastric
post. digastric
stylohyoid
mylohyoid
29
Q

anterior triangle

A

ant: SCM
inf: mandible
midline
contains 4 other triangles

30
Q

submental triangle

A

ant bellies of digastric muscles and hyoid bone

contains: submental lymph nodes, mylohyoid muscles (floor)

31
Q

submandibular triangle

A

ant and post digastric and mandible

floor of mylohyoid

contains: submandibular gland and duct, portions of facial vessels, hypoglossal nerve and nerve to mylohyoid from CNV and lymph nodes

32
Q

carotid triangle

A

superior belly of omohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, anterior border of SCM

contains:
common carotid artery and its bifurcation
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
deep cervical lymph nodes
carotid body
carotid sinus
portion of hypoglossal nerve
portion of cervical plexus
ansa cervicalis
33
Q

branches of external carotid artery

A

superior thyroid - thyroid gland and larynx
ascending pharyngeal - pharynx
lingual - tongue
facial - submandibular gland, palatine tonsil, lower face
inferior labial
superior labial
septal
angular
occipital - posterior scalp
posterior auricular - posterior to ear, scalp
maxillary - infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae, nasal cavity, palate
mental
infraorbital
superficial temporal - anterior to ear, scalp
transverse facial

34
Q

path of phrenic nerve

A

along anterior surface of anterior scalene muscle deep to the prevertebral fascia and the SCM - not in carotid sheath

35
Q

muscular triangle

A

hyoid bone, superior belly of omohyoid, anterior border of scm and midline

contains strap muscles: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid - depress larynx and steady hyoid
and cervical viscera

36
Q

lymph drainage of superficial neck

A

into superficial cervical nodes to inferior deep cervical nodes

37
Q

posterior triangle

A

posterior border of SCM, anterior border of trap, mid-clavicle

roof is cervical investing fascia
floor is prevertebral fascia

muscles deep to floor:
splenius capitis
levator scapulae
posterior, middle, and anterior scalenes
inferior belly of omohyoid

third portion of subclavian artery in most inferior aspect
subclavian vein and external jugular vein
transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries

38
Q

superficial nerves of cervical plexus

A

transverse cervical
supraclavicular
great auricular

lesser occipital

39
Q

branches of right subclavian artery

A 
internal thoracic artery
thyrocerivical trunk
	suprascapular
	transverse cervical
	inferior thyroid
	ascending cervical
vertebral

costocervical trunk
deep cervical artery

dorsal scapular

40
Q

thyroglossal duct

A

tract thyroid gland creates during its descent from the foramen cecum of the tongue
can be site for ectopic thyroid tissue or thyroglossal duct cyst if it does not obliterate completely

41
Q

thyroid gland

A

two lobes joined by isthmus enclosed by visceral fasica of neck
pyramidal lobe in 50% of people
descends from foramen cecum of posterior tongue embryonically
blood from superior thyroid artery (external carotid) and inferior thyroid artery (thyrocervial trunk of subclavian)
venous drainage by superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins
lymphatic drainage to para-tracheal and deep cervical lymph nodes

42
Q

parathyroid glands

A 
on posterior surface of thyroid gland
superior two from 4th pharyngeal pouches
inferior two from third pouch
thymus from third pouch too
blood supply from inferior thyroid artery
43
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

closes eyelid

44
Q

orbicularis oris

A

closes mouth

45
Q

zygomaticus major

A

smile

46
Q

buccinator

A

blowing and chewing food

47
Q

frontalis

A

forehead - wrinkles

48
Q

foramina of branches of trigeminal nerve

A

v1 through superior orbital fissure
v2 through foramen rotundum
v3 through foramen ovale

49
Q

trigeminal nerve branches

A

v1 - opthalmic
supraorbital - skin of forehead
supratrochlear - skin of forehead
lacrimal - skin over lateral corner of eye
infratrochlear - skin over medial corner of eye, bridge of nose
external nasal - bridge of nose
V2 - maxillary - skin of face
infraorbital
zygomaticotemporal - lat scalp, area just lateral to eye
zygomaticofacial
V3 - mandibular
auriculotemporal - lat scalp, parotid gland (when swollen)
buccal
mental

50
Q

branches of internal carotid

A

only branches that supply face:
opthalmic
supraorbital
supratrochlear

51
Q

parotid gland and duct

A

surrounded by parotid sheath (from investing fascia)
duct emerges from anterior border of gland, traverses face on surface of masseter muscle and pierces buccinator to empty into oral cavity
facial nerve and external carotid artery pass through it
sensory innervation from auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN V3)
secretomotor innervation from sympathetics via postganglionics to superior cervical gangion to external carotid nerve and plexus
from parasympathetics via CN IX to otic ganglion to auriculotemporal nerve (VN V3

52
Q

path of facial nerve

A 
from brain through internal acoustic meatus to internal aspect of petrous part of temporal bone through stylomastoid foramen
branches: 
	motor branches to occipitalis, post digastric, stylohyoid
	parotid gland
		upper and lower divisions
			terminal branches
				temporal
				zygomatic
				buccal
				marginal mandibular
				cervical
53
Q

layers of scalp

A 
skin
connective tissue
aponeurosis
loose connective tissue
pericranium
54
Q

occipitofrontalis muscle

A

has two bodies - one on forehead and one on occipital bone
epicranial aponeurosis between them
moves scalp and wrinkles forehead
innervation via CN VII

55
Q

scalp blood supply

A 
anterior portion:
	supraorbital 
	supratrochlear
lateral portion:
	superficial temporal
	posterior auricular
posterior portion:
	occipital artery
56
Q

nasolacrimal groove

A

furrow where lateral nasal prominence fuses with maxillary prominence

57
Q

intermaxillary segment

A

formed when medial nasal prominences crowded toward midline by maxillary prominences and fuse

58
Q

development of the eye

A

lateral outgrowths from the forebrain make optic vesicles
the connection with the forebrain elongates and narrows making the optic stalk
vesicle contacts the surface ectoderm, triggering the development of the lens placode
the lens placode invaginates to make the lens vesicle
the lens vesicle detaches from the surface ectoderm and sinks in to the optic vesicle
the optic vesicle indents to accommodate this, making the optic cup
the optic cup give rise to the layers of the retina - the outer layer is pigmented and inner layer is neural
at the rim of the cup both retinal layers contribute to the formation of the iris and ciliary body and pupil
cheroidal fissure fuses
the hyoid artery becomes the central artery of the retina

59
Q

cheroidal fissure

A

fissure between the two sides of the invaginated lens cup in the developing eye - fuses to form complete eyeball

60
Q

hyaloid artery

A

goes to lens
eventually the cheroidal fissure fuses around it and it degrades
what’s left going to the retina becomes the central artery of the retina

61
Q

germ layers portions of the eye come from

A

surface ectoderm: lens, conjunctival sac, epidermis of eyelids, corneal epithelium
neuroectoderm: optic nerve, 2 layers of the retina, iris, ciliary body
lateral plate mesoderm: hyaloid artery
ectomesenchyme: everything else

62
Q

inner ear development

A

neural tube in the developing hindbrain region induces development of the otic placodes from surface ectoderm dorsal to the 2nd pharyngeal cleft
placodes invaginate to otic pits
they separate from the surface ectoderm - now otic vessels
vessels grow into membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, the organ of corti, maculae, cristae, sensory ganglia of CN VIII
the head mesenchyme becomes cartilage and then ossifies to make the bony labrynth

63
Q

middle ear development

A

the 1st pharyngeal pouch (endoderm) expands laterally toward the 1st pharyngeal cleft = tubotympanic recess
the distal pouch becomes the middle ear cavity
the proximal pouch becomes the Eustachian tubes - it retains its connection to the pharynx
the ossicles form from the 1st and 2nd arch cartilages next to the tubotympanic recess
the recess engulfs them so that they’re within the middle ear
the muscles form from somitomeres
after birth the epithelium of the middle ear expands into the mastoid process making air cells and mastoid antirum

64
Q

development of the external ear

A

external acoustic meatus from first cleft (ectoderm)
tympanic membrane from pharyngeal membrane between the first cleft and pouch - outer layer of ectoderm, inner layer of endoderm, core of mesoderm (fibrous)
originally in lower neck but ascends when mandible develops
mesenchyme around 1st cleft swells (auricular hillocks) and fuse to make auricle

65
Q

development of face

A

nasal placode develops on lateral side of arch 0 (from frontonasal prominence)
nasal placodes develop nasal pits
rest of placode becomes the medial and lateral nasal processes/eminences
right and left mandibular processes of 1st arch fuse to make mandible
maxillary processes grow and push medial nasal processes together to make intermaxillary segment
medial nasal processes fuse with maxillary processes laterally
medial nasal processes fuse with intermaxillary segment fuse to make upper lip and philtrum
lateral nasal processes fuse with maxillary processes - results in obliteration of lacrimal groove

M1 HAE term 2 quiz 2 (1 decks)

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