Quiz 2 Flashcards
1
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Immunoglobulins
A
Antibodies circulating in the blood serum
2
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IgA
A
Serous in the blood and secretory in saliva, tears and breastmilk. Defense against microorganisms and protects mucosal sites
3
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IgD
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Functions in the activation of B cells lymphocytes
4
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IgE
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In hypersensitivity or allergic reactions, causes release of histamine
5
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IgG
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Major antibody in blood serum (about 75%). Can pass the placental border and serves as the first passive immunity for the newborns
6
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IgM
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Involved in early immune response because of its involvement with IgD in the activation of B cells lymphocytes, activating compliment, and react to blood group of antigens
7
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Antibody titer
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The level of a specific antibody in the blood is referred to as the antibody titer. Used to diagnose and evaluate infectious diseases
8
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T lymphocytes
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Develop in the bone marrow, travel to the thymus and mature
9
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Natural killer cells
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A large lymphocyte that plays a part in the innate immune response of the body
10
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Dendritic Cell
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Dendritic cell is a white blood cell whose main function is to process antigenetic material and present it on its surface to other cells of the immune response
11
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Langerhans cells
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Specialized cell in mucosal tissue that are involved in the immune response
12
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Cytokines
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Proteins made by cells that are able to affect the behavior of other cells, considered immunodulating agents
13
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Interferon
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Various functions involving leukocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells
14
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B lymphocytes develop from a stem cell in bone marrow and mature and reside where?
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Lymphoid tissue
15
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interleukins
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stimulate leukocyte proliferation
16
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lymphotoxin
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destroys fibroblasts
17
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Macrophage-activating factor
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activates macrophages to produce and secrete lysosomal enzymes
18
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Macrophage chemotactic factor
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stimulate macrophage emigration
19
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Migration inhibitory factor
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inhibits macrophage activity
20
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Tumor necrosis factor
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various functions involving leukocytes and fibroblasts
21
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Humoral response
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antibody-mediated response. Involves the production of antibodies with the B-cells as the primary cells. protects against primary cells
22
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Cell-mediated response
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cellular immunity
o T lymphocytes are the primary cells.
Lymphocytes may work alone or be assisted by macrophages.
o The cell-mediated portion regulates both major responses.
23
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passive immunity
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• Using antibodies created by another person to prevent infectious disease
24
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Natural active immunity
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Protection following survival from an infectious disease. Person recovers from a disease and body recognizes the disease if exposed again.
25
Acquired active immunity
o Injection or ingestion of either altered pathogenic microorganisms or products of those microorganisms – immunization with a vaccine
o Prepares body for future exposure
26
Erythema Multiforme
Target lesion or bull’s-eye lesion
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lichen planus
Lesions have characteristic Wickham striae
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Types of Lichen Planus:
Reticular lichen planus
composed of Wickham striae and slightly elevated white plaques that do not rub off.
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types of lichen planus:
erosive and bullous lichen planus
epithelium separates from connective tissue, results in erosions, bullae or ulcers.
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types of lichen planus:
desquamative gingivitis
can be caused by lichen planus
31
reactive arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)
• Classic syndrome includes arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis, but all components may not be present
32
Langerhans Cell disease (formally called histiocytosis X)
includes three entities:
1. Letterer-Siwe disease
2. Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
3. Solitary eosinophilic granuloma
33
Letterer-Siwe disease
acute disseminated form. Usually fatal by 3 years old, like a lymphoma
type of Langerhans cell disease.
34
Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
chronic disseminated form. Children younger than 5, produces “punched-out” lesions in the skull, exophthalmos, and diabetes insipidus
type of Langerhans disease
35
Solitary eosinophilic granuloma
older children and young adults, resembles periodontal disease
type of Langerhans disease
36
Treatment of Sjögren Syndrome
Saliva substitutes for xerostomia
Humidifier, sugarless gum, or lozenges
PILOCARPINE
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Clinical Features of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
“Butterfly” rash on bridge of nose
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Pemphigus Vulgaris
A severe, progressive autoimmune disease affecting skin and mucous membranes
Characterized by intraepithelial blister formation resulting from ACANTHOLYSIS, a breakdown of cellular adhesion between epithelial cells
NIKOLSKY SIGN
39
Acantholytic cells
The loss of attachment between epithelial cells leads to cells that appear rounded.
40
Behcet Sydrome
A chronic, recurrent autoimmune disease
**Primarily oral ulcers, genital ulcers, ocular inflammation and skin lesions.**
41
infectious diseases
The organism must be capable of causing disease and the individual must be susceptible to the disease.
Opportunistic infection
42
opportunistic infection
o When an organism that usually is nonpathogenic causes disease
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rheumatic fever
A childhood disease that follows a *group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection*
Characterized by an inflammatory reaction involving the heart, joints, and central nervous system
44
Miliary tuberculosis
Involvement of organs such as kidney and liver in widespread areas of the body
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Scrofula
usually caused by ingesting the organism in non-pasteurized milk
Involvement of submandibular and cervical lymph nodes
46
Mantoux test
An antigen is injected into the skin.
Purified protein derivative (PPD)
47
chest radiograph for TB
may be taken after a positive skin test to see if active disease is present.
48
treatment and prognosis of TB
Combination medications, including isoniazid (INH) and rifampin
49
Sulfur granules
the colonies of organisms appear in pus as tiny, yellow grains.
Syphilis
50
Syphilis is caused by:
spirochete Treponema pallidum
51
The lesion in the primary stage of syphilis is called a
chancre
52
secondary syphilis has what
Mucous patches
Oral lesions that appear as multiple, painless, grayish white plaques covering ulcerated mucosa
These lesions are the most infectious
53
the localized tertiary syphilis lesion is called what
gumma
54
what is syphilis treated with?
peniciliin
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pericoronitis
most commonly a lower third molar
56
candidiasis
the most common oral fungal infection
57
denture stomatitis
the most common type of candidiasis affecting the oral mucosa
58
candidiasis may be a sign of what?
a severe underlying medical problem
59
what are the three benign lesions cause by HPV infection are seen in the oral cavity
Verruca Vulgaris
Condyloma Acuminatum
Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia
60
oral herpes infections are mostly caused by what type
type 1
61
genital herpes infections are mostly caused by
type 2
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how much of the population experiences recrrent herpes simplex infections
1/3 to 1/2
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herpes labialis
the most common location for recurrent infections. on the lips
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herpetic whitlow
A painful infection of the fingers due to a primary or secondary infection
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Varicella-Zoster Virus
Causes both chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles)
66
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Characterized by a UNILATERAL, painful eruption of vesicles along the distribution of a sensory nerve
Any branch of the trigeminal nerve may be involved if lesions affect the face. Ophthalmic, maxillary or mandibular.
67
Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
Implicated in several diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and hairy leukoplakia
68
Coxsackievirus Infections
hree have distinctive oral lesions:
Herpangina
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis
69
measles are caused by
paramyxovirus
70
koplik spots with measles
They are small erythematous macules with white necrotic centers.
71
mumps or epidemic parotitis
A viral infection of the salivary glands caused by paramyxovirus
72
definition of AIDS
HIV infection with severe CD4 lymphocyte depletion.
73
Type 1 hypersensitivity
Plasma cells produce IgE
The reaction may range from hay fever and hives (urticaria) to asthma and life-threatening anaphylaxis.
74
CD4 for AIDS is
75
viral load
the amount of HIV circulating in serum.
76
what is one of the most common oral lesions seen In patients with HIV
thrush
77
Kaposi sarcoma
• Associated with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)
Occur in patients with AIDS
78
what is the primary difference between the immune response and the inflammatory response
the immune response has the capacity to remember and respond more quickly to a foreign body response that enters the body a second time.
79
Autoimmune disease
Disease characterized by tissue trauma caused by an immune response against tissue constituents of one's own body
80
Immunodeficiency
Reduced immune response resulting from hyperactivity or decrease number of living cells. The body no longer recognizes certain antigens as for
81
Hypersensitivity
Altered state of reactivity in which the body reacts to a foreign or Allergan with an exaggerated immune response. There are four types of hypersensitivity
82
Type one hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic type hypersensitivity. A reaction that occurs immediately after exposure to a previously encountered and gin, or allergen. Examples such as pollen, latex, or penicillin and hives
83
Type two hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic type hypersensitivity. Occurs in in compatible blood transfusion or when the mothers anti-bodies cross the placenta and destroys the newborns red blood cells
84
Type III hypersensitivity
Immune complex type hypersensitivity. Phagocytosis and death of neutrophils, causing tissue destruction. Autoimmune diseases
85
Type four hypersensitivity
Cell mediated type hypersensitivity. Delayed hypersensitivity. Is responsible for the rejection of tissue grafts and transplanted organs
86
Pruritus
Itching
87
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
A rare and usually severe adverse reaction to certain drugs
88
Active immunity
Occurs naturally (from recovering from an illness) or is acquired (vaccinations)
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Passive immunity
Comes from antibodies produced by another person to protect against infectious disease. Can occur naturally or be acquired. Example: mother to newborn through placenta or injection of antibodies such as gammaglobulin.
90
Acquired passive immunity
Used to get immediate protection against the disease and is short-lived. Method used for exposure to hepatitis B. Hepatitis B immunoglobin be may be given to dental personnel following a needle stick
91
Clinical features of minor recurrent aphthous ulcers
```
Small, 3 to 5 mm.
More anterior.
1-5 in number.
Appearance is shallow.
Leaves no scarring
Pain
```
92
Clinical features of major recurrent aphthous ulcers
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Large, 5–10 mm.
Located more posterior.
1– 10 in number.
Appearance is deep.
Leave scarring.
Pain
```
93
Clinical features of herpetiform recurrent aphthous ulcers
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Is the smallest, 1 – 2 mm.
Can be located anywhere.
1 – 100 in number.
Appearance is shallow.
Leaves no scarring.
Pain
```
94
Diseases associated with aphthous ulcers
Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, gluten intolerance, IBS, arthritis, celiac, intestinal lymphoma, Behcet syndrome, childhood periodic fevers
95
Clinical features of uticaria
Associated with the skin. Multiple areas of well demarcated swelling accompanied by itching (pruitus)
96
Clinical features of Angioedema
Associated with skin or mucosa. Diffuse swelling of tissue. Usually no itching; self limiting episodes
97
Clinical features of Contact mucositis
Associated with mucosa in contact with Allergan. Smooth, shiny, for mucosa with erythema and edema. May form vesicles; get often itch or burning sensation
98
Clinical features of fixed drug reaction
Same site each episode. Lesions appear one drug is introduced in subside when drug is discontinued. With increased intensity single to multiple raised, reddish patches or clusters of macules; pain/pruritis may be
99
Clinical features of Erythema multiforme
Associated with skin and mucosal membrane. Skin characteristic target lesion, also macules, plaques, bullae. Mucosa- erythema, ulcers, crusted, bleeding lips. Previously thought severe form of Stevens Johnson syndrome. It has an explosive onset
100
Reiter's syndrome
The triad of systemic signs that compose Reiter's syndrome are arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. Oral lesions associated with this syndrome girl almost anywhere in the oral cavity. Aphthous like ulcers, erythematous lesions and geographic like lesions are seen in this syndrome
101
What are the two cells that histologically characterize Langerhans cell disease
Langerhans and eosinophils
102
What is the acute disseminated form of Langerhans cell
Letterer-Siwe
103
What is the chronic, or multi focal form, call of Langerhans cell disease
Hand-Schuller-Christian disease is usually seen I children under five. A classic triad is seen in 25% of the cases
104
What is the classic triad for Hand – Schuller – Christian disease
1. Single to multiple well-defined or "punched out" radiolucent areas in the skull and/or jawbones
2. Unilateral or bilateral exopthalalmus
3. Diabetes insipidus this is due to collections of macro phages in the seller turcica area. This compresses the posterior pituitary gland.
4. In the mouth can see ulcerative lesions, halitosis, gingivitis, bad taste, loose teeth, early exfoliation of tea and nonhealing extraction sites
105
Pemphigus Vulgaris
The parents of oral lesions range from shallow vesicles or bullae. The bullae are fragile and rupture in the detached epithelium become a gray membrane. Ulcers hurt and range from small to very large
106
Nikolsky sign
Cleavage in the epithelium and result in the formation of a bullae
107
Cicatricial pemphigoid
It is also call mucous membrane pemphigoid. Appearances range from your Adema to ulceration and involves both the free and attached gingiva. The gingival lesions have been called desquamstive gingivitis. This also seen in lichens planus and pempigus vulgaris. Nokolsky's sign can be produced on normal appearing tissue
108
The difference between the inflammatory and immune response to infection is
Whether the micro organism is acting as foreign body provoking the inflammatory response or as an antigen provoking the immune response and producing antibodies
109
What are the factors that a little opportunistic infections to develop in the oral cavity
Decrease in salivary flow, antibiotic and ministration and immune system alternations that allowed nonpathogenic micro organism to cause disease
110
What are two examples of opportunistic infections that occurred in the oral cavity
1. Acute necrotizing gingivitis
| 2. Oral candidiasis
111
Impetigo
Bacterial skin infection
112
Actinomycosis
Caused by Actinomyces israelii. Characteristic of the disease is the formation of abscesses the tender drain by the formation of sinus tracts. Plus contains colonies a bacteria that appear yellow and I referred to as sulfur granules
113
Osteomyelitis
Can be acute or chronic infection of the bone
114
Pseudomembranous candidiasis
A white curd like material is on the oral mucosa in the underline mucosa that erythematous
115
Erythematous candidasis
Maybe localized to one area or generalized. Confirm by seeing in other areas of the body in this differentiates this from median rhomboid glossitis
116
Chronic strophic candidiasis
Also call dentures dermatitis. It is erythematous and generally under a denture
117
Chronic hyperplasia candidiasis
A white lesion that does not robot. An important diagnostic feature is that it disappearance with medication and if there isn't disappearance biopsy should be done
118
Three types of human papilloma virus
1. Verruca vulgaris
2. Condyloma acuminatum
3. Focal epithelial hyperplasia
119
Verruca vulgaris
Common wart seen as a papillary, exophytic lesion. Can result from auto inoculation
120
Condyloma acuminatum
Appear as papillary, bulbous masses. Transmitted through sexual contact
121
Foal epithelial hyperplasia
Multiple whitish – to – pale pink nodules distributed throughout the oral mucosal
122
What does paramyxovirus cause
Measles and mumps
123
Measles
Koplik spots can occur in the oral cavity during the early part of the disease
124
Mumps
Viral Infection of the salivary gland
