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Oral Pathology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies circulating in the blood serum

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2
Q

IgA

A

Serous in the blood and secretory in saliva, tears and breastmilk. Defense against microorganisms and protects mucosal sites

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3
Q

IgD

A

Functions in the activation of B cells lymphocytes

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4
Q

IgE

A

In hypersensitivity or allergic reactions, causes release of histamine

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5
Q

IgG

A

Major antibody in blood serum (about 75%). Can pass the placental border and serves as the first passive immunity for the newborns

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6
Q

IgM

A

Involved in early immune response because of its involvement with IgD in the activation of B cells lymphocytes, activating compliment, and react to blood group of antigens

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7
Q

Antibody titer

A

The level of a specific antibody in the blood is referred to as the antibody titer. Used to diagnose and evaluate infectious diseases

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8
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Develop in the bone marrow, travel to the thymus and mature

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9
Q

Natural killer cells

A

A large lymphocyte that plays a part in the innate immune response of the body

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10
Q

Dendritic Cell

A

Dendritic cell is a white blood cell whose main function is to process antigenetic material and present it on its surface to other cells of the immune response

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11
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Specialized cell in mucosal tissue that are involved in the immune response

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12
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins made by cells that are able to affect the behavior of other cells, considered immunodulating agents

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13
Q

Interferon

A

Various functions involving leukocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells

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14
Q

B lymphocytes develop from a stem cell in bone marrow and mature and reside where?

A

Lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

interleukins

A

stimulate leukocyte proliferation

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16
Q

lymphotoxin

A

destroys fibroblasts

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17
Q

Macrophage-activating factor

A

activates macrophages to produce and secrete lysosomal enzymes

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18
Q

Macrophage chemotactic factor

A

stimulate macrophage emigration

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19
Q

Migration inhibitory factor

A

inhibits macrophage activity

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20
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

various functions involving leukocytes and fibroblasts

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21
Q

Humoral response

A

antibody-mediated response. Involves the production of antibodies with the B-cells as the primary cells. protects against primary cells

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22
Q

Cell-mediated response

A

cellular immunity
o T lymphocytes are the primary cells.
 Lymphocytes may work alone or be assisted by macrophages.
o The cell-mediated portion regulates both major responses.

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23
Q

passive immunity

A

• Using antibodies created by another person to prevent infectious disease

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24
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Protection following survival from an infectious disease. Person recovers from a disease and body recognizes the disease if exposed again.

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25
Q

Acquired active immunity

A

o Injection or ingestion of either altered pathogenic microorganisms or products of those microorganisms – immunization with a vaccine
o Prepares body for future exposure

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26
Q

Erythema Multiforme

A

Target lesion or bull’s-eye lesion

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27
Q

lichen planus

A

Lesions have characteristic Wickham striae

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28
Q

Types of Lichen Planus:

Reticular lichen planus

A

composed of Wickham striae and slightly elevated white plaques that do not rub off.

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29
Q

types of lichen planus:

erosive and bullous lichen planus

A

epithelium separates from connective tissue, results in erosions, bullae or ulcers.

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30
Q

types of lichen planus:

desquamative gingivitis

A

can be caused by lichen planus

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31
Q

reactive arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)

A

• Classic syndrome includes arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis, but all components may not be present

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32
Q

Langerhans Cell disease (formally called histiocytosis X)

A

includes three entities:

  1. Letterer-Siwe disease
  2. Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
  3. Solitary eosinophilic granuloma
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33
Q

Letterer-Siwe disease

A

acute disseminated form. Usually fatal by 3 years old, like a lymphoma
type of Langerhans cell disease.

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34
Q

Hand-Schuller-Christian disease

A

chronic disseminated form. Children younger than 5, produces “punched-out” lesions in the skull, exophthalmos, and diabetes insipidus

type of Langerhans disease

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35
Q

Solitary eosinophilic granuloma

A

older children and young adults, resembles periodontal disease

type of Langerhans disease

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36
Q

Treatment of Sjögren Syndrome

A

Saliva substitutes for xerostomia
Humidifier, sugarless gum, or lozenges

PILOCARPINE

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37
Q

Clinical Features of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

“Butterfly” rash on bridge of nose

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38
Q

Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

A severe, progressive autoimmune disease affecting skin and mucous membranes

Characterized by intraepithelial blister formation resulting from ACANTHOLYSIS, a breakdown of cellular adhesion between epithelial cells

NIKOLSKY SIGN

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39
Q

Acantholytic cells

A

The loss of attachment between epithelial cells leads to cells that appear rounded.

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40
Q

Behcet Sydrome

A

A chronic, recurrent autoimmune disease

Primarily oral ulcers, genital ulcers, ocular inflammation and skin lesions.

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41
Q

infectious diseases

A

The organism must be capable of causing disease and the individual must be susceptible to the disease.

Opportunistic infection

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42
Q

opportunistic infection

A

o When an organism that usually is nonpathogenic causes disease

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43
Q

rheumatic fever

A

A childhood disease that follows a group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection

Characterized by an inflammatory reaction involving the heart, joints, and central nervous system

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44
Q

Miliary tuberculosis

A

Involvement of organs such as kidney and liver in widespread areas of the body

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45
Q

Scrofula

A

usually caused by ingesting the organism in non-pasteurized milk

Involvement of submandibular and cervical lymph nodes

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46
Q

Mantoux test

A

An antigen is injected into the skin.

Purified protein derivative (PPD)

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47
Q

chest radiograph for TB

A

may be taken after a positive skin test to see if active disease is present.

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48
Q

treatment and prognosis of TB

A

Combination medications, including isoniazid (INH) and rifampin

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49
Q

Sulfur granules

A

the colonies of organisms appear in pus as tiny, yellow grains.
Syphilis

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50
Q

Syphilis is caused by:

A

spirochete Treponema pallidum

51
Q

The lesion in the primary stage of syphilis is called a

A

chancre

52
Q

secondary syphilis has what

A

Mucous patches

Oral lesions that appear as multiple, painless, grayish white plaques covering ulcerated mucosa

These lesions are the most infectious

53
Q

the localized tertiary syphilis lesion is called what

A

gumma

54
Q

what is syphilis treated with?

A

peniciliin

55
Q

pericoronitis

A

most commonly a lower third molar

56
Q

candidiasis

A

the most common oral fungal infection

57
Q

denture stomatitis

A

the most common type of candidiasis affecting the oral mucosa

58
Q

candidiasis may be a sign of what?

A

a severe underlying medical problem

59
Q

what are the three benign lesions cause by HPV infection are seen in the oral cavity

A

Verruca Vulgaris

Condyloma Acuminatum

Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia

60
Q

oral herpes infections are mostly caused by what type

A

type 1

61
Q

genital herpes infections are mostly caused by

A

type 2

62
Q

how much of the population experiences recrrent herpes simplex infections

A

1/3 to 1/2

63
Q

herpes labialis

A

the most common location for recurrent infections. on the lips

64
Q

herpetic whitlow

A

A painful infection of the fingers due to a primary or secondary infection

65
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus

A

Causes both chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles)

66
Q

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

A

Characterized by a UNILATERAL, painful eruption of vesicles along the distribution of a sensory nerve

Any branch of the trigeminal nerve may be involved if lesions affect the face. Ophthalmic, maxillary or mandibular.

67
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus Infection

A

Implicated in several diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and hairy leukoplakia

68
Q

Coxsackievirus Infections

hree have distinctive oral lesions:

A

Herpangina
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis

69
Q

measles are caused by

A

paramyxovirus

70
Q

koplik spots with measles

A

They are small erythematous macules with white necrotic centers.

71
Q

mumps or epidemic parotitis

A

A viral infection of the salivary glands caused by paramyxovirus

72
Q

definition of AIDS

A

HIV infection with severe CD4 lymphocyte depletion.

73
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Plasma cells produce IgE

The reaction may range from hay fever and hives (urticaria) to asthma and life-threatening anaphylaxis.

74
Q

CD4 for AIDS is

A
75
Q

viral load

A

the amount of HIV circulating in serum.

76
Q

what is one of the most common oral lesions seen In patients with HIV

A

thrush

77
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

• Associated with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)

Occur in patients with AIDS

78
Q

what is the primary difference between the immune response and the inflammatory response

A

the immune response has the capacity to remember and respond more quickly to a foreign body response that enters the body a second time.

79
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Disease characterized by tissue trauma caused by an immune response against tissue constituents of one’s own body

80
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Reduced immune response resulting from hyperactivity or decrease number of living cells. The body no longer recognizes certain antigens as for

81
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Altered state of reactivity in which the body reacts to a foreign or Allergan with an exaggerated immune response. There are four types of hypersensitivity

82
Q

Type one hypersensitivity

A

Anaphylactic type hypersensitivity. A reaction that occurs immediately after exposure to a previously encountered and gin, or allergen. Examples such as pollen, latex, or penicillin and hives

83
Q

Type two hypersensitivity

A

Cytotoxic type hypersensitivity. Occurs in in compatible blood transfusion or when the mothers anti-bodies cross the placenta and destroys the newborns red blood cells

84
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

Immune complex type hypersensitivity. Phagocytosis and death of neutrophils, causing tissue destruction. Autoimmune diseases

85
Q

Type four hypersensitivity

A

Cell mediated type hypersensitivity. Delayed hypersensitivity. Is responsible for the rejection of tissue grafts and transplanted organs

86
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching

87
Q

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

A

A rare and usually severe adverse reaction to certain drugs

88
Q

Active immunity

A

Occurs naturally (from recovering from an illness) or is acquired (vaccinations)

89
Q

Passive immunity

A

Comes from antibodies produced by another person to protect against infectious disease. Can occur naturally or be acquired. Example: mother to newborn through placenta or injection of antibodies such as gammaglobulin.

90
Q

Acquired passive immunity

A

Used to get immediate protection against the disease and is short-lived. Method used for exposure to hepatitis B. Hepatitis B immunoglobin be may be given to dental personnel following a needle stick

91
Q

Clinical features of minor recurrent aphthous ulcers

A 
Small, 3 to 5 mm. 
More anterior. 
1-5 in number. 
Appearance is shallow. 
Leaves no scarring 
Pain
92
Q

Clinical features of major recurrent aphthous ulcers

A 
Large, 5–10 mm. 
Located more posterior. 
1– 10 in number. 
Appearance is deep. 
Leave scarring. 
Pain
93
Q

Clinical features of herpetiform recurrent aphthous ulcers

A 
Is the smallest, 1 – 2 mm. 
Can be located anywhere. 
1 – 100 in number. 
Appearance is shallow. 
Leaves no scarring. 
Pain
94
Q

Diseases associated with aphthous ulcers

A

Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis, gluten intolerance, IBS, arthritis, celiac, intestinal lymphoma, Behcet syndrome, childhood periodic fevers

95
Q

Clinical features of uticaria

A

Associated with the skin. Multiple areas of well demarcated swelling accompanied by itching (pruitus)

96
Q

Clinical features of Angioedema

A

Associated with skin or mucosa. Diffuse swelling of tissue. Usually no itching; self limiting episodes

97
Q

Clinical features of Contact mucositis

A

Associated with mucosa in contact with Allergan. Smooth, shiny, for mucosa with erythema and edema. May form vesicles; get often itch or burning sensation

98
Q

Clinical features of fixed drug reaction

A

Same site each episode. Lesions appear one drug is introduced in subside when drug is discontinued. With increased intensity single to multiple raised, reddish patches or clusters of macules; pain/pruritis may be

99
Q

Clinical features of Erythema multiforme

A

Associated with skin and mucosal membrane. Skin characteristic target lesion, also macules, plaques, bullae. Mucosa- erythema, ulcers, crusted, bleeding lips. Previously thought severe form of Stevens Johnson syndrome. It has an explosive onset

100
Q

Reiter’s syndrome

A

The triad of systemic signs that compose Reiter’s syndrome are arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. Oral lesions associated with this syndrome girl almost anywhere in the oral cavity. Aphthous like ulcers, erythematous lesions and geographic like lesions are seen in this syndrome

101
Q

What are the two cells that histologically characterize Langerhans cell disease

A

Langerhans and eosinophils

102
Q

What is the acute disseminated form of Langerhans cell

A

Letterer-Siwe

103
Q

What is the chronic, or multi focal form, call of Langerhans cell disease

A

Hand-Schuller-Christian disease is usually seen I children under five. A classic triad is seen in 25% of the cases

104
Q

What is the classic triad for Hand – Schuller – Christian disease

A
  1. Single to multiple well-defined or “punched out” radiolucent areas in the skull and/or jawbones
  2. Unilateral or bilateral exopthalalmus
  3. Diabetes insipidus this is due to collections of macro phages in the seller turcica area. This compresses the posterior pituitary gland.
  4. In the mouth can see ulcerative lesions, halitosis, gingivitis, bad taste, loose teeth, early exfoliation of tea and nonhealing extraction sites
105
Q

Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

The parents of oral lesions range from shallow vesicles or bullae. The bullae are fragile and rupture in the detached epithelium become a gray membrane. Ulcers hurt and range from small to very large

106
Q

Nikolsky sign

A

Cleavage in the epithelium and result in the formation of a bullae

107
Q

Cicatricial pemphigoid

A

It is also call mucous membrane pemphigoid. Appearances range from your Adema to ulceration and involves both the free and attached gingiva. The gingival lesions have been called desquamstive gingivitis. This also seen in lichens planus and pempigus vulgaris. Nokolsky’s sign can be produced on normal appearing tissue

108
Q

The difference between the inflammatory and immune response to infection is

A

Whether the micro organism is acting as foreign body provoking the inflammatory response or as an antigen provoking the immune response and producing antibodies

109
Q

What are the factors that a little opportunistic infections to develop in the oral cavity

A

Decrease in salivary flow, antibiotic and ministration and immune system alternations that allowed nonpathogenic micro organism to cause disease

110
Q

What are two examples of opportunistic infections that occurred in the oral cavity

A
  1. Acute necrotizing gingivitis

2. Oral candidiasis

111
Q

Impetigo

A

Bacterial skin infection

112
Q

Actinomycosis

A

Caused by Actinomyces israelii. Characteristic of the disease is the formation of abscesses the tender drain by the formation of sinus tracts. Plus contains colonies a bacteria that appear yellow and I referred to as sulfur granules

113
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Can be acute or chronic infection of the bone

114
Q

Pseudomembranous candidiasis

A

A white curd like material is on the oral mucosa in the underline mucosa that erythematous

115
Q

Erythematous candidasis

A

Maybe localized to one area or generalized. Confirm by seeing in other areas of the body in this differentiates this from median rhomboid glossitis

116
Q

Chronic strophic candidiasis

A

Also call dentures dermatitis. It is erythematous and generally under a denture

117
Q

Chronic hyperplasia candidiasis

A

A white lesion that does not robot. An important diagnostic feature is that it disappearance with medication and if there isn’t disappearance biopsy should be done

118
Q

Three types of human papilloma virus

A
  1. Verruca vulgaris
  2. Condyloma acuminatum
  3. Focal epithelial hyperplasia
119
Q

Verruca vulgaris

A

Common wart seen as a papillary, exophytic lesion. Can result from auto inoculation

120
Q

Condyloma acuminatum

A

Appear as papillary, bulbous masses. Transmitted through sexual contact

121
Q

Foal epithelial hyperplasia

A

Multiple whitish – to – pale pink nodules distributed throughout the oral mucosal

122
Q

What does paramyxovirus cause

A

Measles and mumps

123
Q

Measles

A

Koplik spots can occur in the oral cavity during the early part of the disease

124
Q

Mumps

A

Viral Infection of the salivary gland

Oral Pathology (2 decks)

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