Quiz 2 Flashcards
What is the minimal Diagnostic series for Thoracic Spine?
AP
Lateral
What are the two additional views for the thoracic spine?
Oblique
Swimmer’s lateral
What are the pitfalls of an AP thoracic view?
Upper thoracics are surrounded by lucent lung fields
Lower Thoracic is surrounded by dense abdomen
What are the pitfalls of a Lateral Thoracic view?
Upper thoracics are surrounded by arms, shoulders and scapula.
Mid thoracics sourrounded by lungs - very radiolucent
Lower thoracics surrounded by dense abdomen
What is the minimal diagnostic series for the lumbar spine?
AP or PA (protection for ovaries due to ilium)
Lateral
What are the additional views for lumbar spine?
Oblique
Lumbosacral spot (AP or Lateral)
Flexion/ extension
What is the minimal diagnostic series of the pelvis?
AP
What view causes the sacrum to be more magnified?
PA
What view causes the ilium to become larger?
AP (larger)
PA (more narrow)
How does the obturator foramen look in an AP view?
More oval
How does the obturator foramen look in a PA view?
More rounded
What view is required for the Cobb Scoliosis Measurement?
AP spine
Why do you perform a Cobb Scoliosis Measurement?
To measure scoliosis
At what degree of scoliotic curve will a brace be required?
> 20 degrees
At what degree of scoliotic curve will surgery be required?
> 40 degrees
How do you perform the Cobb Scoliosis Measurement?
Perpendicular lines to the endplate lines and measure the resultant angle?
What view is required for the Risser-Ferguson Scoliosis Measurement?
AP spine
How do you perform the Risser-Ferguson Scoliosis Measurement?
1) Find end vertebrae at scoliosis extremes and draw intersecting lines from vertebral corners to find the body centers
2) Find apical vertebra which is the one most laterally displaced and then find its center
3) Draw connecting lines between the end vertebrae and the center vertebra and measure the resultant angle
How much lower of a degree does the Risser-Ferguson measurement yield in comparison to Cobb?
25% or 10 degrees lower
What view is required for thoracic kyphosis?
Lateral thoracic
How to measure thoracic kyphosis?
1) Lines drawn parallel to superior endplate of T1 and inferior endplate of T12
2) perpendicular lines drawn from each endplate line and resulting in an angle determines the thoracic kyphosis
What view is required to view the thoracic cage dimension?
Lateral chest
How do you perform the thoracic cage dimension measurement?
Measure the distance from the posterior sternum to the anterior surface of the eighth thoracic vertebral body
What is the minimum distance of the thoracic cage dimension?
In males it is 11 cm
In females it is 9 cm
What view is required to measure lumbar lordosis?
Lateral Lumbar
How do you measure lumbar lordosis?
1) Parallel lines are drawn along the superior endplate of L1 and the base of the sacrum
2) Perpendiculars are constructed to these lines and the resultant angle is measured
What is the normal lordotic curve of the lumbar?
50-60 degrees
What is the lumbosacral angle also known as?
Sacral base angle
Ferguson’s angle
What view is required to measure the lumbosacral angle?
Lateral lumbar
How do you measure the lumbosacral angle?
A line drawn along the sacral base and another is drawn horizontal, parallel to the bottom edge of the film.
What is the normal lumbosacral angle?
26-57 degrees
What view is required to measure the lumbosacral disc angle?
Lateral lumbar
What is another name for lumbosacral disc angle?
Sacrovertebral disc angle
How do you measure the lumbosacral disc angle?
Line is drawn along the sacral base and another is drawn along the inferior endplate of L5
What is the normal lumbosacral disc angle?
10-15 degrees
Define flexion
Endplates of the opposed segments diverge posteriorly in the lateral view
Define Extension
Endplates of the opposed segments converge more than normal posteriorly in the lateral view
Define lateral flexion
The endplates of the opposed segments diverge laterally on one side and converge on the other side in the anteroposterior view
Define Rotation
The pedicles will be asymmetrical in shape, and the spinous may be deviated in the anteroposterior view
Define anterolisthesis
An anterior displacement of one vertebral body in relation to the vertebra below
Define retrolisthesis
A posterior displacement of one vertebral body in relation to the vertebra below
Define laterolisthesis
A sideways displacement of one vertebral body in relation to the vertebra below
What view is required to measure the lumbar gravity line?
Lateral lumbar
How do you measure the lumbar gravity line?
1) Find the center of the body of L3
2) A vertical line is contructed from the center body point of L3
3) The line should intersect the anterior one third of the sacral base. The line should not be more than 10 mm anterior to the base
What is the view to measure degenerative lumbar spine instability?
Lateral lumbar
How do you measure degenerative lumbar spine instability
Gross assessment using George’s line should be no more than 4 mm of translation from flexion to extension or compression to traction
Or disc angles can be compared from flexion to extension
At what disc angle degree is radiographic instability noted when comparing disc angles between flexion to extension?
> 10 degree change between flexion and extension disc angle degrees
