Quiz 2

Question 1

What is the minimal Diagnostic series for Thoracic Spine?

Answer 1

AP

Lateral

Question 2

What are the two additional views for the thoracic spine?

Answer 2

Oblique

Swimmer’s lateral

Question 3

What are the pitfalls of an AP thoracic view?

Answer 3

Upper thoracics are surrounded by lucent lung fields

Lower Thoracic is surrounded by dense abdomen

Question 4

What are the pitfalls of a Lateral Thoracic view?

Answer 4

Upper thoracics are surrounded by arms, shoulders and scapula.
Mid thoracics sourrounded by lungs - very radiolucent
Lower thoracics surrounded by dense abdomen

Question 5

What is the minimal diagnostic series for the lumbar spine?

Answer 5

AP or PA (protection for ovaries due to ilium)

Lateral

Question 6

What are the additional views for lumbar spine?

Answer 6

Oblique
Lumbosacral spot (AP or Lateral)
Flexion/ extension

Question 7

What is the minimal diagnostic series of the pelvis?

Answer 7

AP

Question 8

What view causes the sacrum to be more magnified?

Answer 8

PA

Question 9

What view causes the ilium to become larger?

Answer 9

AP (larger)

PA (more narrow)

Question 10

How does the obturator foramen look in an AP view?

Answer 10

More oval

Question 11

How does the obturator foramen look in a PA view?

Answer 11

More rounded

Question 12

What view is required for the Cobb Scoliosis Measurement?

Answer 12

AP spine

Question 13

Why do you perform a Cobb Scoliosis Measurement?

Answer 13

To measure scoliosis

Question 14

At what degree of scoliotic curve will a brace be required?

Answer 14

> 20 degrees

Question 15

At what degree of scoliotic curve will surgery be required?

Answer 15

> 40 degrees

Question 16

How do you perform the Cobb Scoliosis Measurement?

Answer 16

Perpendicular lines to the endplate lines and measure the resultant angle?

Question 17

What view is required for the Risser-Ferguson Scoliosis Measurement?

Answer 17

AP spine

Question 18

How do you perform the Risser-Ferguson Scoliosis Measurement?

Answer 18

1) Find end vertebrae at scoliosis extremes and draw intersecting lines from vertebral corners to find the body centers
2) Find apical vertebra which is the one most laterally displaced and then find its center
3) Draw connecting lines between the end vertebrae and the center vertebra and measure the resultant angle

Question 19

How much lower of a degree does the Risser-Ferguson measurement yield in comparison to Cobb?

Answer 19

25% or 10 degrees lower

Question 20

What view is required for thoracic kyphosis?

Answer 20

Lateral thoracic

Question 21

How to measure thoracic kyphosis?

Answer 21

1) Lines drawn parallel to superior endplate of T1 and inferior endplate of T12
2) perpendicular lines drawn from each endplate line and resulting in an angle determines the thoracic kyphosis

Question 22

What view is required to view the thoracic cage dimension?

Answer 22

Lateral chest

Question 23

How do you perform the thoracic cage dimension measurement?

Answer 23

Measure the distance from the posterior sternum to the anterior surface of the eighth thoracic vertebral body

Question 24

What is the minimum distance of the thoracic cage dimension?

Answer 24

In males it is 11 cm

In females it is 9 cm

Question 25

What view is required to measure lumbar lordosis?

Answer 25

Lateral Lumbar

Question 26

How do you measure lumbar lordosis?

Answer 26

1) Parallel lines are drawn along the superior endplate of L1 and the base of the sacrum 2) Perpendiculars are constructed to these lines and the resultant angle is measured

Question 27

What is the normal lordotic curve of the lumbar?

Answer 27

50-60 degrees

Question 28

What is the lumbosacral angle also known as?

Answer 28

Sacral base angle | Ferguson's angle

Question 29

What view is required to measure the lumbosacral angle?

Answer 29

Lateral lumbar

Question 30

How do you measure the lumbosacral angle?

Answer 30

A line drawn along the sacral base and another is drawn horizontal, parallel to the bottom edge of the film.

Question 31

What is the normal lumbosacral angle?

Answer 31

26-57 degrees

Question 32

What view is required to measure the lumbosacral disc angle?

Answer 32

Lateral lumbar

Question 33

What is another name for lumbosacral disc angle?

Answer 33

Sacrovertebral disc angle

Question 34

How do you measure the lumbosacral disc angle?

Answer 34

Line is drawn along the sacral base and another is drawn along the inferior endplate of L5

Question 35

What is the normal lumbosacral disc angle?

Answer 35

10-15 degrees

Question 36

Define flexion

Answer 36

Endplates of the opposed segments diverge posteriorly in the lateral view

Question 37

Define Extension

Answer 37

Endplates of the opposed segments converge more than normal posteriorly in the lateral view

Question 38

Define lateral flexion

Answer 38

The endplates of the opposed segments diverge laterally on one side and converge on the other side in the anteroposterior view

Question 39

Define Rotation

Answer 39

The pedicles will be asymmetrical in shape, and the spinous may be deviated in the anteroposterior view

Question 40

Define anterolisthesis

Answer 40

An anterior displacement of one vertebral body in relation to the vertebra below

Question 41

Define retrolisthesis

Answer 41

A posterior displacement of one vertebral body in relation to the vertebra below

Question 42

Define laterolisthesis

Answer 42

A sideways displacement of one vertebral body in relation to the vertebra below

Question 43

What view is required to measure the lumbar gravity line?

Answer 43

Lateral lumbar

Question 44

How do you measure the lumbar gravity line?

Answer 44

1) Find the center of the body of L3 2) A vertical line is contructed from the center body point of L3 3) The line should intersect the anterior one third of the sacral base. The line should not be more than 10 mm anterior to the base

Question 45

What is the view to measure degenerative lumbar spine instability?

Answer 45

Lateral lumbar

Question 46

How do you measure degenerative lumbar spine instability

Answer 46

Gross assessment using George's line should be no more than 4 mm of translation from flexion to extension or compression to traction Or disc angles can be compared from flexion to extension

Question 47

At what disc angle degree is radiographic instability noted when comparing disc angles between flexion to extension?

Answer 47

> 10 degree change between flexion and extension disc angle degrees