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Rad Anat > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the minimal Diagnostic series for Thoracic Spine?

A

AP

Lateral

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2
Q

What are the two additional views for the thoracic spine?

A

Oblique

Swimmer’s lateral

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3
Q

What are the pitfalls of an AP thoracic view?

A

Upper thoracics are surrounded by lucent lung fields

Lower Thoracic is surrounded by dense abdomen

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4
Q

What are the pitfalls of a Lateral Thoracic view?

A

Upper thoracics are surrounded by arms, shoulders and scapula.
Mid thoracics sourrounded by lungs - very radiolucent
Lower thoracics surrounded by dense abdomen

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5
Q

What is the minimal diagnostic series for the lumbar spine?

A

AP or PA (protection for ovaries due to ilium)

Lateral

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6
Q

What are the additional views for lumbar spine?

A

Oblique
Lumbosacral spot (AP or Lateral)
Flexion/ extension

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7
Q

What is the minimal diagnostic series of the pelvis?

A

AP

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8
Q

What view causes the sacrum to be more magnified?

A

PA

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9
Q

What view causes the ilium to become larger?

A

AP (larger)

PA (more narrow)

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10
Q

How does the obturator foramen look in an AP view?

A

More oval

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11
Q

How does the obturator foramen look in a PA view?

A

More rounded

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12
Q

What view is required for the Cobb Scoliosis Measurement?

A

AP spine

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13
Q

Why do you perform a Cobb Scoliosis Measurement?

A

To measure scoliosis

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14
Q

At what degree of scoliotic curve will a brace be required?

A

> 20 degrees

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15
Q

At what degree of scoliotic curve will surgery be required?

A

> 40 degrees

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16
Q

How do you perform the Cobb Scoliosis Measurement?

A

Perpendicular lines to the endplate lines and measure the resultant angle?

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17
Q

What view is required for the Risser-Ferguson Scoliosis Measurement?

A

AP spine

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18
Q

How do you perform the Risser-Ferguson Scoliosis Measurement?

A

1) Find end vertebrae at scoliosis extremes and draw intersecting lines from vertebral corners to find the body centers
2) Find apical vertebra which is the one most laterally displaced and then find its center
3) Draw connecting lines between the end vertebrae and the center vertebra and measure the resultant angle

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19
Q

How much lower of a degree does the Risser-Ferguson measurement yield in comparison to Cobb?

A

25% or 10 degrees lower

20
Q

What view is required for thoracic kyphosis?

A

Lateral thoracic

21
Q

How to measure thoracic kyphosis?

A

1) Lines drawn parallel to superior endplate of T1 and inferior endplate of T12
2) perpendicular lines drawn from each endplate line and resulting in an angle determines the thoracic kyphosis

22
Q

What view is required to view the thoracic cage dimension?

A

Lateral chest

23
Q

How do you perform the thoracic cage dimension measurement?

A

Measure the distance from the posterior sternum to the anterior surface of the eighth thoracic vertebral body

24
Q

What is the minimum distance of the thoracic cage dimension?

A

In males it is 11 cm

In females it is 9 cm

25
Q

What view is required to measure lumbar lordosis?

A

Lateral Lumbar

26
Q

How do you measure lumbar lordosis?

A

1) Parallel lines are drawn along the superior endplate of L1 and the base of the sacrum
2) Perpendiculars are constructed to these lines and the resultant angle is measured

27
Q

What is the normal lordotic curve of the lumbar?

A

50-60 degrees

28
Q

What is the lumbosacral angle also known as?

A

Sacral base angle

Ferguson’s angle

29
Q

What view is required to measure the lumbosacral angle?

A

Lateral lumbar

30
Q

How do you measure the lumbosacral angle?

A

A line drawn along the sacral base and another is drawn horizontal, parallel to the bottom edge of the film.

31
Q

What is the normal lumbosacral angle?

A

26-57 degrees

32
Q

What view is required to measure the lumbosacral disc angle?

A

Lateral lumbar

33
Q

What is another name for lumbosacral disc angle?

A

Sacrovertebral disc angle

34
Q

How do you measure the lumbosacral disc angle?

A

Line is drawn along the sacral base and another is drawn along the inferior endplate of L5

35
Q

What is the normal lumbosacral disc angle?

A

10-15 degrees

36
Q

Define flexion

A

Endplates of the opposed segments diverge posteriorly in the lateral view

37
Q

Define Extension

A

Endplates of the opposed segments converge more than normal posteriorly in the lateral view

38
Q

Define lateral flexion

A

The endplates of the opposed segments diverge laterally on one side and converge on the other side in the anteroposterior view

39
Q

Define Rotation

A

The pedicles will be asymmetrical in shape, and the spinous may be deviated in the anteroposterior view

40
Q

Define anterolisthesis

A

An anterior displacement of one vertebral body in relation to the vertebra below

41
Q

Define retrolisthesis

A

A posterior displacement of one vertebral body in relation to the vertebra below

42
Q

Define laterolisthesis

A

A sideways displacement of one vertebral body in relation to the vertebra below

43
Q

What view is required to measure the lumbar gravity line?

A

Lateral lumbar

44
Q

How do you measure the lumbar gravity line?

A

1) Find the center of the body of L3
2) A vertical line is contructed from the center body point of L3
3) The line should intersect the anterior one third of the sacral base. The line should not be more than 10 mm anterior to the base

45
Q

What is the view to measure degenerative lumbar spine instability?

A

Lateral lumbar

46
Q

How do you measure degenerative lumbar spine instability

A

Gross assessment using George’s line should be no more than 4 mm of translation from flexion to extension or compression to traction
Or disc angles can be compared from flexion to extension

47
Q

At what disc angle degree is radiographic instability noted when comparing disc angles between flexion to extension?

A

> 10 degree change between flexion and extension disc angle degrees

Rad Anat (2 decks)

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