Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research Literacy > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

0
Q

why do we use stats in medicine

A

identify how common or rare a condition may be
understand how frequent a treatment is used
assess accuracy of a diagnostic test
evaluate how well tx’s work
describe risk factors for a disease
eval how well tx works
eval likelihood that tx will cause side effects
compare costs of diff tx strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

describe two different types of statistics

A

descriptive and interential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are descriptive statistics

A

they allow us to summarize data so it is easier to intrepret

ex. summarizes performance on an exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how are descriptive stats commonly represented?

A

Graphically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name different types of descriptive stats

A 
means or average
medians
counts
percentages
ranges
standard deviation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are inferential statistics

A

allows researchers to make conclusions about a larger population from a smaller study sample

way of determining how the study results are affected by random error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is random error

A

relates to the number of subjects measured. As you increase the number of subjects measured, the amount of random error decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

give an example of both descriptive and inferential

A

56% of polled respondents would vote in favor of the amendment
(plus or minus 5%)
56 is descriptive
plus or minus 5% is inferential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are terms commonly used in inferential stats?

A

P-value
Statistical significance
Confidence interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are two types of data collected from research?

A

Continuous or categorical (dichotomous is subtype)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is categorical data?

A

limits potential responses to certain categories like:

college major OR Color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is dichotomous data?

A

Limits potential responses to two potential responses.
Death (yes/no)
Pregnancy (yes/no)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is continuous data?

A

continuous data can take any number within a given range, for example blood pressure, age and pain (0-10)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What types of data are often consistent with averages or means?

A

continuous data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are common statistics used to describe center of a data set

A

Mean or average

median or middle response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are common statistics used to describe the spread or variabilllity of data?

A

Range
Innterquartile range
standard deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common way to describe the center of data?

A

Mean or average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How to calculate the mean of a data set?

A

Add the values of all observations in the data set

divide the sum by the number of observations

18
Q

What is the definition of median?

A

The median represents the exact center point in a data set

19
Q

How do you calculate the median?

A

Order all observations from smallest to largest
Choose the middle observation (if there is an even number of observations calculate the mean or average of the two middle values)

20
Q

when data is symetrical, can mean and median be similar

A

yes

21
Q

Median values are not affected by extremes. T/F

A

True

22
Q

What is the limitation of the mean?

A

It is influenced by extreme values and misrepresent data

23
Q

what are three different types of describing spread and variability?

A

range
interquartile range
standard deviation

24
Q

Describe the ‘range’ in observable data?

A

smallest and largest values observed in data. gives a sense of spread of data

25
Q

What measure is less sensitive to extreme observations? (the range)

A

interquartile range

26
Q

What is the interquartile range?

A

The middle 50% of the data

27
Q

How do i calculate the interquartile range?

A

Order all the observations from smallest to largest
Find the median
divide the data below and above the median in half

28
Q

What does a small interquartile range indicate?

What does a large inteerquartile range indicate?

A

most of the data fell close to the median

There was a lot of variability in the data

29
Q

What is the standard deviation?
What does a small standard deviation signify?
What does a large standard deviation signify?

A

how far the data are spread out from the mean
average distance from a mean
Small: data tightly grouped around mean
Large: data widely spread out from the mean

30
Q

how to screen your search

A

does is have the right P I and O
is this about what I want
read thru abstract
only whether it assess what we want, not whether it supports our hypothosis

31
Q

what are odds ratio

A

not intiutive
how strongly a given variable may be associated with the outcome of interest compared to other variables (play horses)
mostly restrospectively sometimes used for prospective studies.
exposure and outcome

32
Q

What are odds?

A

probability that this event will occur vs. it will not
.80 80% P- probability

Odds _ prob/1-prob 1:4 .80 1-.80 .8/.2 80%/20% 8/2
prob of it happening over the prob it doesn’t happen
odds ratio
an odds ratio of 1 always means there was no difference between the groups
if the odds ratio is close to 1, then we know there isn’t a very large difference between the two
Statisical significance

33
Q

If odds are substantially above 1

A

then the event is more common in the group numerator than denominator

34
Q

Significant significance

A

if it crosses 1 it is not statistical significant

35
Q

what is risk ratio?

A

the risk of developing in one group vs developing in the other group

36
Q

when is RR and OR similar?

A

when a condition is rare

37
Q

Risk ratio can only be used in what kind of study?

A

prospective studies only

38
Q

how to calculcate risk ratio?

A

54/70

2/28 (Yes/total)

39
Q

What is a hazard ratio

what is a hazard ratio close to 1

A

way of looking at probablity
looks at time to event
Death… time to death important to delay death

40
Q

what is ‘number needed to treat’?

A

How many people would we have to treat for 1 person to have benefit
1/1000
we would need to treat 1,000 in order for 1 person to be spared the event

41
Q

Number needed to treat

A

how many people would need to be on statins in order to prevent 1 person from having a heart attack

42
Q

what is relative risk?

A

tell you if a relationship exists between event and outcome
and how great is that relationship
one group must be exposed to risk and outcome
relative risk moves forward

43
Q

how to calculate an RR

A

1,000 children get dental ca

Research Literacy (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions