Quiz 2 Flashcards
How many neurons do we have at birth?
At birth, most neurons the brain will have are present… approx. 100 billion neurons
What is Bronfenbrenner’s PPCT MODEL?
Bronfenbrenner criticized himself for discounting the role the individual plays in development. Thus, he created PPCT:
•Person
•Process
•Context
•Time
This differed from Ecological Systems Theory in that it included more emphasis on the role of the person and the process
At what age is our brain 80% adult sized?
Also, what cells continue to grow and how many neuron connections will humans have by age 3?
By age 2 years, brain is 80% of adult size
Other brain cells (like glia) continue to grow
New neuron connections = ~1000 trillion connections
Brain development is… EPIGENETIC!
What does epigenetic mean?
The study of the factors that determine how much or whether some genes are expressed in your body.
What is the order of fetal development?
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
How long is the zygote stage?
2 weeks
How long is the embryonic phase?
6 weeks
How long is the fetal stage?
30 weeks
What happens during the zygote stage?
●Fertilization
●Implantation
●Start of placenta
What happens during the embryonic stage?
Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs
What (overall) happens during the fetal stage?
“Growth and finishing” phase
What happens to the fetus during the 1st trimester?
- organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become organized and connected
- lungs begin to expand and contract
What happens to the fetus during the second trimester?
- many organs are well-developed by 20 weeks
* most of the brain’s neurons are in place
What happens to the fetus during the third trimester?
- age of viability: 22–26 weeks
* fetus takes on beginnings of personality
What are the stages of pregnancy?
1) Dilation and effacement of the cervix
2) Delivery of the baby
3) Delivery of the placenta
How does the baby adapt and survive the process of birth?
High levels of stress hormones help baby withstand oxygen deprivation
and prepare baby to breathe and arouse infant into alertness
What are the reflexes that newborns have?
- Eye blink
- Rooting
- Sucking
- Moro
- Palmar grasp
- Tonic neck
- Stepping
- Babinski
What is rooting?
Turn head toward anything that strokes the cheek/mouth
What is Moro?
Arms fling out sideways with palms up and thumbs flexed
What is Babinski reflex?
Fanning of the toes when the bottom of foot is stroked
What is the Tonic neck reflex?
Extremities on the side that the head is turned will extend while opposite side extremities flex
What is the Palmar Grasp reflex?
When an object is placed in infant palm, their fingers close and grasp the object
What does pain do to the infant, and how can that pain be consoled?
Pain overwhelms the nervous system with stress hormones
Can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch
Describe the taste preferences an infant has at birth…
Infants have a preference for sweet tastes
at birth and they can readily learn to like new tastes
