Quiz 2

Question 1

Myocardial dysfunction commonly occurs due to

Answer 1

different conditions such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension and valvular heart disease.

Question 2

Less frequently observed is cardiac disease

Answer 2

whose cause is intrinsic to the myocardium itself, such as inflammatory disorders of the heart, immunologic diseases, systemic metabolic disorders, muscular dystrophies, genetic abnormalities of cardiac muscle cells and diseases of unknown etiology.

Question 3

Cardiomyopathy describes what?

Answer 3

The term cardiomyopathy (literally, heart muscle disease) is used to describe heart disease resulting from a primary abnormality in the myocardium.

Question 4

The 3 major categories of cardiomyopathy are:

Answer 4

• Dilated (90% of all cases of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy); most common form of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy
• Hypertrophic
• Restrictive

Question 5

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Answer 5

Characterized by enlargement and dilatation of all four chambers of the heart
Many of these cases have no known etiology and are referred to as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Question 6

What are the 1st and 2nd most common causes in the US for dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 6

The most common cause of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in the U.S. is chronic alcoholism.
Viral myocarditis may also result in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Question 7

Shape of a very large heart in dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 7

globoid shape because all of the chambers are dilated.

Question 8

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Answer 8

HCM is characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, abnormal diastolic filling and in about one third of cases, intermittent ventricular outflow obstruction.

Question 9

Other names from Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Answer 9

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is also known by such terms as idiopathic hypertrophic sub-aortic stenosis and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

Question 10

HCM is characterized by myocardial hypertrophy,

Answer 10

abnormal diastolic filling and in about one third of cases, intermittent ventricular outflow obstruction.

Question 11

Microscopically, the heart demonstrates what with myocardial hypertrophy?

Answer 11

hypertrophy
of myocardial fibers (which 
also have prominent dark 
nuclei) along with interstitial 
fibrosis.

Question 12

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 12

is a genetic disease, caused by a mutation in any one of several genes that encode proteins that within the sarcomere, the contractile unit of cardiac muscle.

Question 13

How does the structure of the heart change with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 13

The heart becomes thick-walled, heavy, and hyper-contracting, in contrast to the flabby, hypo-contracting heart of DCM
Often only one ventricle is hypertrophic.

Question 14

The essential feature of HCM

Answer 14

massive myocardial hypertrophy without ventricular chamber dilation

A classic appearance of HCM is the disproportionate thickening of the ventricular septum as compared with the free wall of the ventricle.

Question 15

In restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 15

the myocardium is usually infiltrated with abnormal tissue that results in impaired ventricular wall motion with abnormal ventricular wall contraction and relaxation.

Question 16

The most common causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 16

are amyloidosis and hemochromatosis.

Question 17

How does Hemochromatosis occur in the heart ?

Answer 17

Excessive deposition 
of iron can lead to heart 
enlargement and heart 
failure. Cardiomyopathy due
to hemochromatosis is a form 
of restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 18

What does amyloid deposition look like microscopically?

Answer 18

demonstrates amorphous
deposits of pale pink material
between myocardial fibers.
This is characteristic for amyloid.

Question 19

What does Endocarditis generally refer to?

Answer 19

to inflammation on the valve leaflets, although the endocardial lining of the atrium and ventricles may also be involved, especially after surgery.

Question 20

Where does endocarditis the process tend to begin?

Answer 20

on the lines of closure, where the pressure is greatest (atrial surfaces of the atrioventricular valves and the ventricular surfaces of the semilunar valves).