Quiz 2 Flashcards
Chagas’ Disease Pathogen
Trypanosoma cruzi
Sleeping sickness pathogen
Trypanosoma bruceii gambienese (chronic) and bruceii rhodensiene (acute)
Chagas’ Disease vector
Triatomine bug
Chagas’ Disease transmissions
- MOTHER TO CHILD
- Triatomine bug feces
- sexual
- blood transfusion
Sleeping sickness vector
Tsetse fly aka glossina flies (g. palpalis, g.tachinoides, g.fuscipides, g. morsitans)
Sleeping sickness transmissions
Blood sucking flies
MOTHER TO CHILD
Sleeping sickness phases
Hemolymphatic and Neural (after xing blood-brain barrier)
Flu-like, Winterbottom’s sign, Kerandals sign
“Sleeping” coma last part & neural
What is Winterbottoms sign?
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes (sleeping sickness)
What is Kerandal’s sign?
delayed sensitivity to pain in bony areas (sleeping sickness)
Glossina palpalis/ g. morsitans characteristics (meals, sexual, eggs etc)
Both m & f take blood meals
Rest during day on plants, @ night on upper side of leaves
NO EGGS- LIVE LARVA that burrow into ground 4-5 wks
Yellow/brown flies
Hatchet design on wings that fold like scizzors
Saliva has analgesic properties
Forward facing proboscis
Sleeping sickness treatment
Antibx, insecticides for environment
Triatomine characteristics
Bites around person’s mouth (Kiss of Death), deposit feces into broken skin only,
Latin America
Found in dilapidated, under developed homes
Chagas tx
antibx (benzidazole, infurtimox) improve housing situations
Latin American country declared Chagas Free and when
Uruguay 1997
Type of pathogen in trypanosomiasis
Parasite
Type of pathogen in Onchocerciasis
Filarial worm
Pathogen of onchocerciasis
onchocerciasis volvus
NO OTHER RESERVOIR- can be Eradicated
Vector of oncho
black fly (simulium damnosum (90%) and S.neavi) (S. onchraceum & S. metallicum in South america)
Symptoms of Chagas
Parasitic nodules around heart & GI muscle, pts die of problems with these
Black Fly characteristics
FEMALES ONLY BITE IN DAYTIME (generally early morning and late afternoon)
REPRODUCE IN FAST-FLOWING WATER
Onchocerciasis symptoms
Nodules full of microfliariae
Corneal scratching from inverted eyelashes -> over time, blindness
Rashes (tiger skin)
Oncho control and tx
Ivermectin 1-2x per year kills microfilariae
Build sluices on dams so consistent fast water flow
Antibx can affect the ivermectin
Lymphatic Filiariasis pathogen
Nematodes (Wucherechia bancrofti generally, Brugia malayi for Asia/Philippines, burgia timori in Indonesia)
Lymphatic Filiariasis vector
Lots of mosquitoes: Anopheles most common, Culex quinquefasciatus in americas
LF symptoms
Severe Edema, particularly in testicles, breasts or legs
4 phases:
1. asymptomatic (no babies in blood)
2. asymptomatic (babies in blood)
3. adults in lymph
4. obstructive lesions
Lymphedema -> skin infections, lowered immune responses
Cycle of LF transmission
requires 100s of bites, ever increasing amts of microfilariae until threshold
LF vector characteristics
day biters, breed in still water
LF tx
Albendazole and Diethyl carbamizaine (DEC) or ivermectin 1x per year. Only kills adult nematodes, must wait for current babies to grow up and die
Malaria pathogen type
parasite
Malaria pathogens
Plasmodium falciparum (most deadly) P. vivax (most common and mild, stays dormant for yrs) P. malariae P. ovale P. knowlesi
Malaria vector
Female Anopheles only
Malaria vector characteristics
Lay Eggs in “flower shape” instead of raft
stand with head down (angled)
Female needs blood meal to fertilize eggs- stores sperm
Malaria symptoms
parasites fillup red blood cells until lysing, burst quartidian (every 4 days) -> fever
Malaria tx
sanitation
bed nets
hydrochloroquinine
Erlichiosis pathogen type
BACTERIA
Erlichioisis pathogen
HME: Erlichia chafeensis
HGE: Anaplasma phagocytophilium
Ewingii in dogs-rarely in humans
Erlichiosis vector
Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum) or Brown Deer Tick
(rhipicephalus sanguineus) and Ixodides
Erlichiosis symptoms
Muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, chills, confusion, cough, mild fever
Erlichiosis reservoirs
White tail deer, white footed mice
Erlichiosis tx
Doxycycline, DEET to skin, reduce white tail deer population
Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever pathogen type
bacteria
RMSF pathogen
rickettsia rickettsii
RMSF vectors
types- American Dog Tick (dermacentor variabilis), Rocky Mtn wood tick (dermacentor andersoni), Brown Dog Tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus), (Amblyomma cajennese). 24 hours attachment needed for transmission
RMSF symptoms
spotted skin rash, flu-like symptoms
RMSF transmission
24 hours of attachment for transmission, in feces (?)
RMSF tx
2 wks doxycycline
RMSF reservoirs
dogs, deer
Lyme disease pathogen type
spirochete bacteria
Lyme disease pathogen
Burrelia burgdorferi (spirochete bacteria), B. garinii, B. afzelli
Lyme disease vector
NYMPH Ixodidae ticks
Lyme disease characteristic symptoms
Erythema migrans (bulls eye rash) Flu-like symptoms Bells palsy meningitis Joint swelling
Lyme disease vector characteristics
NYMPH of ixodides
Must attach 36-48 hours
Transfer disease through saliva
Lyme disease tx
antibx, can have issues post-treatment
Chikungunya pathogen type
alphavirus
chikungunya pathogen
Chikungunya Virus- alphavirus from togaviridae, ssRNA
Replicates in fibroblasts, skeletal muscle cells
Chik vector
Aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus (DAY BITERS) same as dengue and yellow fever
Chik epi
found in Tanzania originally, 1st in St. Martin October 2013, Florida locally acquired (only state in US local so far), Colombia in Sept 2014
Chikungunya transmission
blood via mosquitoes, MOTHER TO CHILD
Chik symptoms
poor feeding, lethargy, meningoencephalitis, distal edema, vesiculobulous lesions (macropapular rash)
Acute: 3-7 days after transmission- Fever, severe joint pain,swelling, conjunctivitis, lasts 3-10 days
Chronic: relapses of joint pain, Raynaud’s (blue cold fingers), fatigue. Months to years
Chik tx
palliative, no care
