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Political Science 2051 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Core Beliefs (political)

A

individuals’ views about the fundamental nature of human beings, society, the economy, and the role of government; taken together, they comprise the political culture

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2
Q

Political attitudes

A

individuals’ views and preferences about public policies, political parties, candidates, government institutions, and public officials

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3
Q

public opinion

A

the aggregated political attitudes of ordinary people as revealed by surveys

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4
Q

simple survey

A

an interview study asking questions of a set of people whoa re chosen as representative of the whole population

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5
Q

random sampling

A

the selection of survey respondents by chance, with equal probability of being selected, to ensure their representatives of the whole population

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6
Q

political socialization

A

the process by which individuals come to have certain core beliefs and political attitudes

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7
Q

agents of socialization

A

those institutions and individuals that shape the core beliefs and attitudes of people

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8
Q

political ideology

A

a system of interrelated and coherently organized political beliefs and attitudes

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9
Q

collective public opinion

A

the political attitudes of the public as a whole, expressed as averages, percentages, or other summaries of many individuals’ opinions

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10
Q

rational public

A

the notion that collective public opinion is rational in the sense that it is generally stable and consistent and that when it changes it does so as an understandable response to events, to changing circumstances, and to new information

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11
Q

presidential job approval rating

A

a president’s standing with the public, indicated by the percentage of Americans who tell survey interviewers that they approve a president’s “handling of his job”.

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12
Q

economic conservatives

A

people who favor private enterprise and oppose government regulation on business

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13
Q

economic liberals

A

people who favor government regulation of business to protect the public from harm, and government spending for social programs

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14
Q

social (lifestyle) liberals

A

people who favor civil liberties, abortion rights, and alternative lifestyles

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15
Q

social (lifestyle) conservatives

A

people who favor traditional social values; they tend to support strong law-and-order measures and oppose abortion and gay rights

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16
Q

policy preferences

A

citizens’ ideas about what policies they want government to pursue

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17
Q

isolationism

A

the policy of avoiding undue involvement in the affairs of other countries and multilateral institutions

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18
Q

unilateralist

A

the stance toward foreign policy that suggests that the United States should “go it alone”, pursuing its national interests without seeking the cooperation of other nations or multilateral institutions

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19
Q

multilateralist

A

the stance toward foreign policy which suggests that the United States should seek the cooperation of other nations and multilateral institutions in pursuing its goals

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20
Q

watchdog

A

the role of the media in scrutinizing the actions of government officials

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21
Q

podcasts

A

digital audio and video files made readily available to interested people via computers and portable devices

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22
Q

wire services

A

organizations such as the Associated Press and Reuters that gather and disseminate news to other news organizations

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23
Q

media monopoly

A

term used to suggest that media corporations are so large, powerful, and interconnected that the less economically and politically powerful cannot have their views aired

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24
Q

infotainment

A

the merging of hard news and entertainment in news presentations

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25
Q

beat

A

the assigned location where a reporter regularly gathers news stories

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26
Q

leak

A

inside or secret information given to a journalist or media outlet by a government official

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27
Q

news management

A

the attempt by those in political power to put the presentation of news about them and their policies in a favorable light

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28
Q

spin

A

the attempt by public officials to have a story reported in terms that favor them and their policies; see news management

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29
Q

newsworthy

A

worth printing or broadcasting as news, according to editors’ judgments

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30
Q

objective journalism

A

news reported with no evaluative language and with opinions quoted or attributed to a specific source

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31
Q

pundits

A

somewhat derisive term for print, broadcast, and radio commentators on the political news

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32
Q

bias

A

deviation from ideal standards such as representativeness or objectivity

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33
Q

agenda setting

A

influencing people’s opinions about what is important

34
Q

framing

A

providing a context for interpretation

35
Q

interest groups

A

a private organization or voluntary association that seeks to influence public policy as a way to protect or advance its interests

36
Q

factions

A

Madison’s term for groups or parties that try to advance their own interests at the expense of the public good

37
Q

pluralism

A

the political science position that American democracy is best understood in terms of the interaction, conflict, and bargaining of groups

38
Q

private interests

A

an interest group that seeks to protect or advance the material interests of its members

39
Q

public interests

A

an interest group that works to gain protections or benefits for society at large

40
Q

lobbying

A

effort by an interest or advocacy group to influence the behavior of a public official

41
Q

advocacy group

A

an interest group organized to support a cause or ideology

42
Q

lobbyists

A

a person who attempts to influence the behavior of public officials on behalf of an interest group

43
Q

disturbance theory

A

a theory positing that interest groups originate with changes in the economic, social, or political environment that threaten the well-being of some segment of the population

44
Q

earmaking

A

practice of appropriating money for specific pet projects of members of Congress, usually done at the behest of lobbyists, and added to bills at the last minute with little opportunity for deliberation

45
Q

amicus curiae

A

Latin for “friend of the court”; a legal brief in which individuals not party to a suit may have their views heard in court

46
Q

grassroots lobbying

A

the effort by interest groups to mobilize local constituencies, shape public opinion to support the group’s goals, and bring that pressure to bear on elected officials

47
Q

political action committees (PACs)

A

an entity created by an interest group whose purpose is to collect money and make contributions to candidates in federal elections

48
Q

iron triangles

A

an enduring alliance of common interest among an interest group , a congressional committee, and a bureaucratic agency

49
Q

sub-governments

A

another name for an iron triangle

50
Q

issue networks

A

broad coalitions of public and private interest groups, policy experts, and public officials that form around particular policy issues; said to be more visible to the public and more inclusive

51
Q

revolving door

A

the common practice in which former government officials become lobbyists for interests with whom they formerly dealt in their official capacity

52
Q

partisan

A

a committed supporter of a political party; also, seeing issues from the point of view of a single party

53
Q

political party

A

an organization that tries to win control of government by electing people to office who carry the party label

54
Q

party platform

A

a party’s statement of its positions on the issues of the day passed at the quadrennial national convention

55
Q

two-party system

A

a political system in which two parties vie on relatively equal terms to win national elections and in which each party governs at one time or another

56
Q

multiparty system

A

a political system in which three or more viable parties compete to lead the government; because a majority winner is not always possible, multiparty systems often have coalition governments where governing power is shared among two or more parties

57
Q

proportional representation

A

the awarding of legislative seats to political parties to reflect the proportion of the popular vote each party receives

58
Q

realignment

A

the process by which one party supplants another as the dominant party in a two-party political system

59
Q

New Deal

A

the programs of the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt

60
Q

New Deal coalition

A

the informal electoral alliance of working-class ethnic groups, Catholics, Jews, urban dwellers, racial minorities, and the South that was the basis of the Democratic party dominance of American politics from the New Deal to the early 1970s

61
Q

divided government

A

control of the executive and legislative branches by different political parties

62
Q

dealignment

A

a gradual reduction in the dominance of one political party without another party supplanting it

63
Q

party identification

A

the sense of belonging to on or another political party

64
Q

liberal

A

the political position, combining both economic an social dimension, that holds that the federal government has a substantial role to play in providing economic justice and opportunity, regulating business in the public interest, overcoming racial discrimination, protecting abortion rights, and ensuring the equal treatment of gays and lesbians

65
Q

conservative

A

the political position, combining both economic and social dimensions, that holds that the federal government ought to lay a very small role in economic regulation, social welfare, and overcoming racial inequality, that abortion should be illegal, and that family values and law and order should guide public policies

66
Q

unified government

A

control of the executive and legislative branches by the same political party

67
Q

gridlock

A

a situation in which things cannot get done in Washington, usually because of divided government

68
Q

responsible party

A

the notion that a political party will take clear and distinct stands on the issues and enact them as policy once elected into government

69
Q

prospective voting model

A

a theory of democratic elections in which voters decide what government will do in the near future by choosing one or another responsible party

70
Q

electoral competition model

A

a form of election in which parties seeking votes move toward the median voter or the center of the political spectrum

71
Q

median voter

A

the voter at the exact middle of the political issue spectrum

72
Q

electoral reward and punishment

A

the tendency to vote for incumbents when times are good and against them when times are bad; same as retrospective voting

73
Q

retrospective voting

A

a form of election in which voters look back at the performance of a party in power and cast ballots on the basis of how well it did in office

74
Q

provisional ballot

A

a vote that is cast but not counted until determination is made that the voter is properly registered

75
Q

franchise

A

the legal right to vote

76
Q

suffrage

A

the legal right to vote

77
Q

Electoral College

A

representatives selected in each other the states, their numbers based on each state’s total number of its senators and representatives; a majority of Electoral College votes elects the president

78
Q

referenda

A

procedures available in some states by which state laws or constitutional amendments proposed by the legislature submitted to the voters for approval or rejection

79
Q

initiatives

A

procedures available in some states for citizens to put proposed laws and constitutional amendments on the ballot for voter approval or rejection

80
Q

superdelegates

A

elected officials from all levels of government who are appointed by party committees to be delegates to the national convention of the Democratic Party; not selected in primary elections or caucuses

81
Q

electors

A

representatives who are elected in the states to formally choose the US president

82
Q

plurality

A

more votes than any other candidate but less than a majority of all votes cast

Political Science 2051 (2 decks)

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