Quiz 2 Flashcards
Socialization
The process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a society.
Nature vs. Nurture
Debate on whether human behavior is determined by biology (nature) or social environment (nurture).
Genie
Genie was a feral child whose father kept her immobilized in a locked room from 20 months old to 13 years old.
A case study of extreme social isolation that demonstrated the importance of socialization.
Looking-Glass Self (Cooley)
The idea that self-concept develops through our perception of how others see us.
Mead developed what theory ?
The social self- emphasizing the role of social interaction in self-development.
Stages of Development (Mead)
Imitation, play, and game stages in the development of self.
Agents of Socialization
Groups or institutions that influence a person’s social development (family, school, peers, media, etc.).
Life Course
The various stages individuals go through in life, influenced by society.
Cohort
A group of people who share a common characteristic, typically age.
Social Interaction
The ways people respond to each other.
Social Status
A person’s position in society.
Status Set
All the statuses a person holds at a given time.
Ascribed Status
A status assigned at birth (e.g., race, gender).
Achieved Status
A status earned or chosen (e.g., doctor, athlete).
Master Status
A status that dominates others and shapes a person’s identity.
Role Set
Different roles attached to a single status.
Role Strain
Conflict within a single role (e.g., a teacher balancing discipline and support).
Role Conflict
Conflict between two or more roles (e.g., being a parent and an employee).
Ethnomethodology (Garfinkel)
The study of how people create and maintain shared social reality.
Civil Inattention
The practice of ignoring others in public to maintain social order.
Civil Inattention
The practice of ignoring others in public to maintain social order.
Breaching Experiments
Deliberate disruptions of social norms to study reactions.
Dramaturgy (Goffman)
The idea that social life is like a stage performance.
Impression Management
Efforts to control how others perceive us.
Front & Back Stages
Public vs. private aspects of behavior.
Embarrassment & Tact
Managing social mistakes to maintain dignity.
Total Institutions
Places that control all aspects of life (e.g., prisons, military).
Social Networks
Connections between individuals that shape opportunities.
Extensiveness
The reach of a social network.
Density
The level of connection within a network.
In-groups vs. Out-groups
Groups we identify with vs. those we see as different.
Leadership Roles
Instrumental Leader → Focuses on goals and efficiency.
Expressive Leader → Focuses on group harmony.
Leadership Styles
Authoritarian → Leader makes decisions.
Democratic → Decisions made collectively.
Laissez-faire → Hands-off leadership approach.
Asch’s Experiment
Demonstrated peer pressure in group settings.
Milgram’s Experiment
Showed obedience to authority.
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment
Studied the power of roles and environment.
Janis’s Groupthink
How groups prioritize harmony over critical thinking.
Weber’s Ideal Type
Characteristics of a rational bureaucracy.
Hierarchy of Positions
Clear chain of command.
Rules & Regulations
Formal guidelines for operation.
Written Records
Documentation of activities and policies.
Specialization
Division of labor based on expertise.
Impersonality
Decisions made based on rules, not personal preference.
Technical Competence
Hiring based on skills.
Alienation
Feeling disconnected from work.
Inefficiency & Red Tape
Excessive procedures that slow down work.
Bureaucratic Ritualism
Focus on rules over goals.
Goal Displacement
Bureaucracies prioritizing their survival over mission.
Power & Oligarchy
Concentration of power in a few hands.
Japanese Model
Bureaucratic structure emphasizing teamwork and job security.
McDonaldization
Efficiency → Maximizing productivity.
Predictability → Standardization of products and services.
Calculability → Emphasis on quantity over quality.
Control → Automation reducing human decision-making.
Class (Marx & Weber)
Social division based on economic position.
Dimensions of Social Inequality
Income → Money earned.
Wealth → Total assets.
Education → Level of schooling.
Occupational Prestige → Status associated with jobs.
Cultural Capital (Bourdieu)
Social assets that influence mobility
(e.g., knowledge, taste, skills,food, education)
Social Mobility
Intragenerational Mobility → Movement within one’s lifetime.
Intergenerational Mobility → Movement across generations.
Horizontal Mobility → Changing jobs within the same social class.
Structural Mobility → Large-scale shifts in society that change class structure.
C. Wright Mills’ Power Elite is when…
The ruling class controls economic, political, and military power.
What is Homogamy
Marrying someone with similar social traits.
What are the four types of Poverty
Absolute Poverty → Lacking basic necessities.
Relative Poverty → Being poor compared to others in society.
Poverty Line → Official threshold for defining poverty.
Extreme Poverty → Severe lack of resources.
