QUIZ 2 Flashcards
What is a polymer?
Long chains of repeating subunits,
What are ANABOLIC reactions?
- they require the use of energy to build larger molecules from small subunits
EX: Condensation Reaction / Dehydration Synthesis
What are CATABOLIC reactions?
- they release energy by breaking large polymers into shorter polymers
EX: Hydrolysis Reactions
What are CARBOHYDRATES?
- sugar molecules
- made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- monomer = monosaccharide
- Monosaccharide = a group of carbohydrates made only of a single saccharide; single sugar
—> they are linear in dry state, ring structure when dissolved in water
What are the three monomers for carbohydrates (monosaccharides)?
1) Glucose (OH BOTTOM of C4)
2) Fructose (Pentagon shape)
3) Galactose (OH TOP of C4)
NOTE: carbon 1 is directly after O bond, alpha = OH BOTTOM of C1, beta = OH TOP of C1
What is a DISACCHARIDE?
- group of carbohydrates made of two monosaccharides linking together; double sugar
- Sugars joined by condensation/dehydration synthesis –> make glycosidic linkages (covalent) b/w hydroxyl groups
What is a POLYSACCHARIDE?
- 3 or more sugars joined by glycosidic linkages between hydroxyl groups
1) Glycogen (storage for animals)
2) Starch (storage molecule for plants)
3) Cellulose (structural polysaccharide for plants)
4) Chitin (structural polysaccharide)
*ALL polymers of GLUCOSE
STRUCTURAL vs STORAGE
Storage: same direction bonds, plant storage entirley of glucose
strucutral: bonds going in different directions, Glucose cant break bonds, made up of beta glucose
What are the NUCLEIC ACIDS?
1) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) H on seconds carbon
2) RNA (ribonucleic acid) OH on second carbon
- monomer = nucleotide subunits
–> a sugar, base and phosphate - allow for reproduction
- store hereditary information that determines structural and functional characteristics
What are the 2 types of NITROGENOUS BASES?
1) Pyrimidine bases: single organic rings (ex. uracil, thymine, cytosine)
2) Purine bases: two-ringed organic structures. (ex. adenine, guanine)
How do you form DNA/RNA?
- chains of nucleotides –> one nucleotide linked to the next by a single bridging phosphate group between C5 of one sugar and C3 of the next sugar in line
- forms PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS
- condensation/dehydration synthesis reaction
DNA vs RNA
DNA
- composed of two strands wound around each other in a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds
- Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
- Deoxyribose -H
RNA
- single strand of nucleotides
- Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine
- Ribose -OH group
Hydroxyl Alcohols/sugars
Group: HYDROXYL
Name of Compound: Alcohols/sugars
Draw
Behaviour: Polar O-H, interacts strongly with water
ends in ol ex: ethanol
Methyl Hydrocarbons
Group: METHYL
Name of Compound: Hydrocarbons, oils
Draw
Behaviour: Non polar C-H bonds, doesnt interact with water well
C with 3 H
Carbonyl Aldehyde, ketons
Group: CARBONYL
Name of Compound: Aldehydes/Ketones
Behaviour:
1) Aldehyde- polar H-C=O interacts with water highly reactive
2) Ketones- polar C=O interacts with water somewhat reactive
Carboxyl organic acids
Group: CARBOXYL
Name of Compound: Organic Acids
Behaviour: COOH when donating water to increase acidity dissociates to COO (-) interacts strongly with water (gives H+ ions)
Amino Organic bases
Group: AMINO
Name of compound: Organic Bases
Behaviour: NH3 acts as base and interacts with water H-N-H (takes H+ ions)
Phohphate organci phosphates
Group: PHOSPHATE
Name of Compound: Organic Phosphates
Behaviour: release two protons H2PO4–> PO4 2-linked to form di and tri phosphates O–P-O-O, strong reaction with H2O
Sulfhydryl Thiols
Group: SULFHYDRYL
Name of compound: Thiols
Behaviour: resembles Oh group in shape O–C-OH , CH2-SH, H-N-H
Macromolecules
Large molecules that are sometimes composed of a great number of repeating subunits
What are Lipids and how are they formed
- Fats, most common storage molecule, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- formation: Hydrocarbon link together to form long chains that can vary 12- 24 carbons in length
- Hydrophobic bc more non polar C-H bonds and less polar than O-H bonds
Insolubility contributes to ability to form cell membranes - Groups: fatty acids, glycerides, phosolipids
Fatty acids
- long carbon chain with carboxyl group COOH gives it its acidic properties
- can be saturated and unsaturated
- Saturated: Has the max amount of H, heart disease and high cholesterol
- Unsaturated: Kink, has a double bond, not max # of H because of a double bond, helps clean blood vessels
Glycerides
- Fatty acids that join together to form a glycerol backbone through condesation reactions bw carboxyl group of the fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of the glycerol forming and ester linkage
- Condensation Takes out the waters and creates and ester linkage and water as a byproduct
- Hydrolysis breaks that ester linkage by adding the same amount of waters as bonds to make two smaller molecules (breaking down tryglyceride)
Phospholipids function and what they are
- Glycerol with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol backbone
- Fatty acids (tails) are hydrophobic (non polar)
- phosphate group (head) are hydrophilic (polar)
Function: form double layer-> forms cell membranes - functional cell membranes contain proteins and hydrophilic pores that form channels through charged materials can pass
