Quiz 2 Flashcards
packet 2-4
what are nutrient deficiency diseases?
diseases that are prevented, treated, and eradicated by eating certain foods, primary nutrient deficiency diseases are not prevalent (aside from iron deficiency anemia)
what are some diet related diseases that are not cured by a single nutrient or food?
type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and hypertension
what is nutrigenomics?
the study of how nutrients and bioactive components in food influence gene expression, used to personalize diets based on genetic information to improve peoples health
(ex. variants in certain genes may indicate if sodium intake affects blood pressure)
why is measuring dietary intake difficult?
food intake data is largely self-reported and can be biased, food environments change, and food intake data relies on the ability of people to accurately recall what they eat and how much they eat
what are some methods to measure dietary intake?
24-hour recall interviews: to assess what someone ate in the last 24 hours
dietary records: that lists food/beverage intake for limited periods of time
food frequency questionnaires: used to assess habitual dietary intake by listing foods and asking people to record the frequency each food is consumed and the serving size
what is a simple causal relationship?
when factor A causes a change in factor B without being modified by any other factor, relationship is predictable and consistent
what is a complex causal relationship?
when other factors such as age, sex, and genetics influences how factor A changes factor B
what are some common risk factors?
biological: genetics, sex, and age
lifestyle: diet, clinical adiposity, alcohol, smoking/vaping, exercise, and sleep
circumstantial: poverty, social network, isolation, disability/injury, stress, environment
positive vs negative correlation?
positive: values change in same direction
negative: values change in opposite direction
what are epidemiologic studies?
non-experimental, observational studies that assess the frequency/distribution of disease in a population, factors that influence determinants of disease, show association between variables but not causal relationships
prevalence vs incidence?
prevalence: includes all cases (new and existing) in the population per unit of time
incidence: includes only new cases in the population at the specified time
cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies?
cross-sectional: epidemiological studies that collect data from many different individuals at the same time (use random sampling to get a snap shot of what is going on in the population)
longitudinal: epidemiological studies that obtain information by repeatedly sampling the same group of people over time
what does it mean when P value is less than or equal to 0.05?
the probability that the observed difference was due to a random occurrence is less than 5%, the same results would occur 95% of the time if the study were repeated
disease vs syndrome?
disease: a medical condition characterized by established signs and/or symptoms
syndromes: conditions characterized by a cluster of signs (observable by another person)/symptoms(subject to person experiencing it)
communicable vs noncommunicable disease?
communicable: infectious diseases that are contagious, have rapid onset, and distinct symptoms
noncommunicable: not contagious, can be chronic or degenerative, develop slowly over time, asymptomatic, treatable
what are the causes of noncommunicable diseases?
diet-related: under/over nutrition
environmental: autoimmune diseases
congenital: genetic inheritance
neurodegenerative diseases
how do the kidneys and small intestine regulate nutrients?
intestine: increase/decrease nutrient absorption
kidney: increase/decrease nutrient excretion in the urine
diseases/drugs that impact small intestine or kidney function affect nutritional status
primary vs secondary malnutrition?
primary: inadequate (undernutrition) or excessive (overnutrition) dietary intake of nutrient and/or energy intake relative to body’s need
secondary: factors other than diet that create an imbalance between nutrient/energy availability relative to
body’s need, caused by conditions that alter digestion can result in nutrient loss/accumulation
what is hemochromatosis?
inherited condition that impairs regulation of iron absorption, iron is stored in the liver by ferritin protein, ferritin storage is exceeded in hemochromatosis which means iron is deposited in other organs, causing damage
how do autoimmune diseases arise?
autoimmune diseases arise when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to an environmental trigger, triggering the immune system to produce antibodies that attack certain tissues of the body
what is are congenital disorders?
conditions that arise during pregnancy that impact the growth and development of the fetus
what is teratogen?
something that interferes with embryonic development
what are the causes of intrauterine growth restriction?
maternal disease, poor nutrition, inadequate weight gain, placental insufficiency, smoking and drugs
life expectancy vs health span?
life expectancy: the total number of years a person lives
health span: number of years person remains healthy and free from disease is decreasing
what four parameters are used to assess nutritional health?
anthropometric measures
biomarkers: lab analysis of blood, urine, fecal, tissue, or saliva samples to assess health/disease
clinical assessment: signs/symptom, medical history, risk factors
dietary assessment: collect, analyze, and
interpret nutrient/energy adequacy
what are anthropometrics?
measurements of body size, body shape, and body composition
how is weigh assessed?
body mass index: based on ratio of height to weight
waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio
pre-clinical vs clinical obesity?
pre-clinical: excess body fat with no evidence of weight-related health problems but may be at increased risk for future disease
clinical: excess body fat with evidence of weight-related health problems and impairment of daily activities
visceral vs subcutaneous fat?
visceral: fat that lies in the spaces between the abdominal organs like the liver and the intestine, associated with weight-related mortality and morbidity
visceral adipose tissue: adipose tissue within the abdominal cavity
subcutaneous: fat that is located between the skin and the outer abdominal wall
subcutaneous adipose tissue: adipose tissue directly under skin
what are some techniques for measuring visceral fat?
abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), waist-to-hip ration and waist circumference can be used to assess visceral adiposity
stunted vs wasting in the case of malnutrition?
stunted growth (nutritional stunting): reduced height but weight-for-height is
often appropriate, associated with reduced
food availability and/or variety of foods
wasting: characterized by low weight-for-height (severely underweight for height) or delayed overall growth (weight and height);
strong predictor of mortality among children under five, associated with chronic food
shortage and/or severe disease
what are ready-to-use therapeutic foods?
energy-dense, mineral-and vitamin-enriched food that require no preparation, refrigeration, and has a long shelf-life, designed to treat severe acute malnutrition in regions of the world with limited food supplies
what are some methods to assess body composition?
dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA): measures fat mass, lean mass and bone mineral density, resports number of standard deviations above or below peak bone mineral density
air displacement plethysmography (BOD
POD): measures fat mass and lean mass, measures air displacement when sitting
skinfold thickness: measurement of fat mass using calipers, only measures subcutaneous fat
bioelectrical impedance: measures fat mass and lean mass, measures electrical conductivity through body
what are the 4 steps of dietary assessment?
- collect dietary data
- analyze nutrient/energy intake
- determining nutritional adequacy: using dietary reference intakes to see recommended nutrient and energy intake values
- make dietary recommendations
what is the estimated average requirement and tolerable upper intake level of dietary reference intake?
EAR: amount of a nutrient that meets the requirements of 50% of healthy people
determined for each life stage and sex group
UL: highest level of continuous intake of a nutrient that may be taken without causing health problems
recommended dietary allowance is the middle of these two extremes
