Quiz 2 Flashcards
Process of setting up the policies, controls and data flows that allow devices and systems to communicate across a computing network.
NETWORK CONFIGURATION
It comprises all the physical and virtual hardware and software components in a network and the protocols that dictate how data moves between them
NETWORK CONFIGURATION
TYPES OF NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS
SCALE and TOPOLOGY
is the geographical range of a network’
s components and devices, while
topology is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a
network.
Scale
have a small range—typically under 30 feet—and are meant for peripheral devices
used by an individual.
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
can also create PANs
Wireless and cable connections
don’t need an active internet connection to function
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
can be linked to local area networks (LANs) and other higher-level network types
that use a single device as a gateway (connecting a Bluetooth controller to a gaming console, for instance).
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
are private computer networks that allow specific users to have unrestricted
access to the same system connection at a central location, typically within one mile
and often inside one building
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANS)
network-aware operating systems on user devices can share
resources and devices (printers and scanners, for example).
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANS)
can use a range of topologies, including star, bus and tree, depending on an
enterprise’s networking requirements and goals.
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANS)
allow users to move freely around a coverage area without the
hassle oftransporting or staying connected to ethernet wires.
WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
(WLANS)
have significantly expanded the possibilities of wireless networking, leading to innovations such as mobile wireless, fixed wireless (fixed broadband access that uses radio waves instead of cables), portable wireless (also called “
mobile hotspots”) and infrared wireless (enables data transmission by using infrared beams instead of wires).
WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
(WLANS)
provides an encrypted connection that hides data packets while users are
connected to a public network (such as the internet). VPNs tunnel between connected
devices, encapsulating and encrypting data as it traverses the network to keep
sensitive information (such as IP addresses, browsing history, privileged
correspondence and logistics) from being revealed online.
VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS
(VPNS)
can use remote access and site-to-site configurations
VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS
(VPNS)
known as medium-sized networks—cover more area than LANs but are less extensive
than wide area networks (WANs). Typically, they comprise multiple LANs linked
together by using point-to-point high-capacity backbone technology, which serves as a
primary connection pathway between network devices
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS
(MANS)
can cover several buildings or entire cities, as is the case with DSL and cable TV
networks, which use common local and regional resources to connect devices on the
network.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS
(MANS)
provides access to various types of media using a single designated provider.
It’s not confined to any specific territory and has no geographical restrictions.
WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WANS)
can be either point-to-point (where devices send data to each other over a
private connection) or packet-switched networks (where data is broken into short
messages, or “packets,”and sent piecemeal) over shared circuits (can take various
paths).
WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WANS)
are high-speed computer networks designed
to provide access to storage in any direction.
STORAGE AREA NETWORKS (SANS)
facilitate large data transfers between different storage devices and between storage
devices and the computer network.
STORAGE AREA NETWORKS (SANS)
CLASSIFICATION OF SCALE
- PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
- LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANS)
- WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
(WLANS) - VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS
(VPNS) - METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS
(MANS) - WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WANS)
- STORAGE AREA NETWORKS (SANS)
is the way a network is arranged, including the physical or
logical description of how links and nodes are set up to relate to each other
Network topology
is suggestive of how a network is laid out, and is key to
determining its performance.
Topology of a Network
is the geometric representation ofthe relationship ofthe links and the
linking devices (Nodes) in a Network”
Topology
defines the physical or the Logical
Agreement of Links in a Network
Topology
Itrefers to the specific configuration and structure ofthe connections between the
Links and the Nodes. Two or more devices connectto a Link and two or more Links
form a
Topology
each device is connected to every
other device on the network through a dedicatedpoint-to-pointlink.
When we say dedicated it means thatthe link onlycarries data forthe two connected devices only.
MESH TOPOLOGY
each device in the network is
connected to a central device called hub
doesn’t allow direct communication between devices, a device must have to communicate through hub. If one device wants to send data to other device, it has to first send the data to hub and then the hub transmit that data to the designated device.
STAR TOPOLOGY
there is a main cable and all the
devices is connected to this main cable.
There is a device called tap that connects the drop line to the main cable.
BUS TOPOLOGY
each device is connected with the two
devices on either side of it.
There are two dedicated pointto pointlinks a device has with the devices on the either side of it
RING TOPOLOGY
A Combination of two or more topology
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF TOPOLOGY
- MESH TOPOLOGY
- STAR TOPOLOGY
- BUS TOPOLOGY
- RING TOPOLOGY
- HYBRID TOPOLOGY
RELATIONSHIP OF A NETWORK
PEER-TO-PEER AND PRIMARY-SECONDARY
-Devices share the link equally.
-a group of computers are linked together with equal permissions and
responsibilities for processing data
PEER-TO-PEER
-“Server-Client” Relationship.
-One device controls traffic and the others must transmit through it.
-all computers linked to Server which then stores and shares files for all
clients thatis linked to the Primary/Server Computer
PRIMARY-SECONDARY
MESH MATH
Lets say we have n devices in the network then each device must be connected with (n-1) devices of the network.
Number of links in a mesh topology of n devices
would be n(n-1)/2.
MESH TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES
- No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated
link between two devices which means the
link is onlyavailable forthose two devices. - Mesh topology is reliable and robust as
failure of one link doesn
’taffect other links
and the communication between other
deviceson the network.
MESH TOPOLOGY DISADVANTAGES
- Amount of wires required to connected each system is tedious and headache.
- Since each device needs to be connected
with other devices, number of I/O ports
required must be huge.
STAR TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES
- Less expensive because each device only
need one I/O port and needs to be connected with hub with one link. - Easier to install.
STAR TOPOLOGY DISADVANTAGES
- If hub goes down everything goes down,
none of the devices can work without hub. - Hub requires more resources and regular
maintenance because itis the central
system of star topology.
BUS TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES
- Easy installation, each cable needs to be
connected with backbone cable. - Less cables required than Mesh and star
topology
BUS TOPOLOGY DISADVANTAGES
- Difficultly in fault detection.
- Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with backbone cable
RING TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES
- Easy to install.
- Managing is easier as to add or remove a
device from the topology only two links are
required to be changed.
RING TOPOLOGY DISADVANTAGES
- A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will nottravel forward due to
failure. - Data traffic issues, since allthe data is
circulating in a ring
HYBRID TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES
- We can choose the topology based on the
requirement for example, scalability is our
concern then we can use star topology
instead of bus technology. - Scalable as we can further connect other
computer networks with the existing
networks with different topologies.
HYBRID TOPOLOGY DISADVANTAGES
- Fault detection is difficult.
- Installation is difficult
An association of organizations, governments, manufacturers and users form the standards organizations and are responsible for developing, coordinating and maintaining the standards .
Standards Organizations for
Data Communications
The purpose is that all data communications equipment manufacturers and users comply with these
standards.
Standards Organizations for
Data Communications
The primary standards organizations for data communication are:
- International Standard Organization (ISO)
- International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Sector (ITU-T)
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- . American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- Electronics Industry Association (EIA)
- Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
- Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
- . Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
- Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
is the international organization for standardization on a wide range of subjects. It is comprised mainly of members from the standards committee of various governments throughout the world. It is even responsible for developing models which provides high level of system compatibility, quality enhancement, improved productivity and reduced costs.
International Standard Organization (ISO)
is also responsible for endorsing
and coordinating the work of the other standards organizations.
International Standard Organization (ISO)
is one of the four permanent parts of the International Telecommunications Union based in
Geneva, Switzerland.
International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Sector (ITU-T)
It has developed three sets of specifications: V Series, X Series, I and Q Series
International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Sector (ITU-T)
or modem interfacing and data transmission over telephone lines
V series
for data transmission over public digital
networks, email and directory services
X series
or Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) and its extension Broadband ISDN
I and Q series
consists of government authorities
and representatives from many countries and it is the present standards organization for the United
Nations.
ITU-T membership
is an international professional organization founded in United States and is compromised of
electronics, computer and communications engineers.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
It is currently the world’s largest professional
society with over 200,000 members.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
It develops communication and information processing standards with the underlying goal of advancing theory, creativity, and product quality in any field related to electrical engineering.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
is the official standards agency for the United States and is the U.S voting representative for the ISO.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
is a completely private, non-profit organization comprised of equipment manufacturers and users of
data processing equipment and services.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
comprised of people form professional societies, industry associations, governmental
and regulatory bodies, and consumer goods
ANSI membership
is a non-profit U.S. trade association that establishes and recommends industrial standards
Electronics Industry Association (EIA)
include standards development, increasing public awareness, and lobbying and it is responsible for developing the RS (recommended standard) series of standards for data and communications.
Electronics Industry Association (EIA) ACTIVITIES
is the leading trade association in the communications and information technology industry
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
It facilitates business development opportunities through market development, trade promotion, trade shows,
and standards development
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
It represents manufacturers of communications and information technology products and also facilitates the
convergence of new communications networks.
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
earlier known as Internet Activities Board is a committee created by ARPA (Advanced Research
Projects Agency) so as to analyze the activities of ARPANET whose purpose is to accelerate the
advancement of technologies useful for U.S military
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
IAB is earlier known as
Internet Activities Board
is a technical advisory group of the Internet Society
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Responsibilities of Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
I. Oversees the architecture protocols and procedures used by the Internet.
II. Manages the processes used to create Internet Standards and also serves as an appeal board for complaints regarding improper execution of standardization process.
III. Responsible for administration of the various Internet assigned numbers
IV. Acts as a representative for Internet Society interest in liaison relationships with other organizations.
V. Acts as a source of advice and guidance to the board of trustees and officers of Internet Society concerning various aspects of internet and its technologies.
is a large international community of network designers, operators, vendors and researchers
concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and smooth operation of the Internet.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
promotes research of importance to the evolution of the future Internet by creating focused, long-term and small research groups working on topics related to Internet protocols, applications,
architecture and technology.
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
Branches of ISO
ITU-T, IEEE, ANSI
Branches of ANSI
EIA, TIA
Branches of IAB
IETF, IRTF
Place where ITU-T is based
Geneva Switzerland
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
Total members of IEEE
200, 000
connects the drop line to the main cable
tap
means that the link only carries data for the two connected device only
Dedicated
RS Series
Recommended Standard
Created IAB
Advanced Research Projects Agency
accelerate the advancement of tech for US military
ARPANET
WLAN INNOVATIONS
- mobile wireless
- fixed wireless
- portable wireless
- infrared wireless
fixed broadband access that uses radio waves instead of cables
fixed wireless
also called mobile hotspots
portable wireless
where devices send data to each other over a private connection
point to point
where data is broken into short messages, or “packets”, and sent piecemeal.
packet switched network
enables data transmission by using infrared beams instead of wires
infrared wireless
combination of star and bus topologies. It consists of a central root node, connected to multiple branch nodes and each branch node can further connect devices
Tree Topology
It is a unique identifier for devices on a network
IP Address
connects different networks and forwards data between them based on IP addresses . It can also manage network traffic, provide security and assign IP addresses
router
connect multiple devices within the same network . it uses MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination
switch
it allows network administrators to segment a physical network into multiple virtual networks improving security and performance
Virtual LAN
Hardware component that allows a device to connect to a network, either through a wired (ethernet) or wireless (WI-FI) connection
Network Interface Card
a tool used to test the connectivity between two devices on a network by sending ICMP echo requests
PING
network type includes technologies such as Bluetooth, Zigbee and infrared communication
PAN
network type is commonly implemented using fiber optics for high speed city wide connectivity
MAN
network type is most commonly used in data centers to connect storage devices
SAN
network type often connects devices such as smartphones, smartwatches and wireless headsets
PAN
network type is considered the smallest in terms of coverage area
PAN
network type commonly uses ethernet or wifi for communication
LAN
network type is typically managed by a single organization such as a business or school
LAN
network type can be public or private and typically involves ISPs for connectivity
WAN
