Quiz 2 Flashcards
Narrative Research
the qualitative strategy of inquiry that focuses on the stories of individuals and how they can bring meaning to experiences
Life History
a specific type of narrative approach in which one tries to depict the entire life of an individual.
Oral History
A specific type of narrative approach in which one tries to collect memories that hold historical significance
Ethnography
The qualitative strategy of inquiry that focuses on understanding a culture or cultural group, including their behaviors, values, and beliefs. One of the oldest qualitative strategy of inquiries.
Critical Ethnography
ethnography that includes a political agenda and some form of advocacy for underrepresented populations.
Autoethnography
Ethnography that studies one’s own culture. Can also be a form of narrative inquiry.
Phenomenology
The qualitative strategy of inquiry that focuses on the study of a certain phenomenon or concept through the exploration of lived experiences.
Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)
An area of phenomenology that focus on how experiences of the phenomenon are perceived by the participants and how people make sense of their social and personal world.
Empirical Phenomenology
A form of phenomenology that is very descriptive, in which a structural analysis of the participant’s experiences results in a description of the essential structures of a phenomenon.
Bracketing
When researchers describe and record their own experiences of the phenomenon to be able to set them aside when evaluating data. Common in phenomenology.
Case Study
A qualitative strategy of inquiry that focuses on studying the complexity and distinctiveness of a case within important circumstances. Case could be bounded by time and space, or could be a person or group of people.
Intrinsic Case Study
A case study that focuses on understanding the complexity of the case
Instrumental Case Study
A case study that focuses on a specific case in the hopes that it can provide insights into an issue of interest.
Collective Case Study
An instrumental case study that includes multiple cases.
Qualitative Description
A qualitative strategy of inquiry in which one develops a comprehensive summary and description of a phenomenon or event. Little interpretation involved
Grounded Theory
A qualitative strategy of inquire that focuses on the generation and analysis of data to construct a theory.
Data saturation
When no more new data can be generated.
Interpretive Framework
When a theory is called upon to help interpret or make sense of the research findings.
Theoretical Lens
Using a specific theory to help guide the research study, including questions, sampling and data generation and analysis.
Purposeful Sampling
Recruiting a sample of information-rich participants who will purposely inform an area of interest being studied.
Extreme Case Sampling
When researchers select participants that are outliers to the topic of study.
Maximum Variation Sampling
When researchers choose individuals with a wide range of perspectives and experiences regarding a specific topic.
One-on-one interviews
Typically used when discussing a sensitive topic, or in different geographical areas, when participants are unfamiliar with each other.
Group Interviews
Includes focus groups, sharing circles, and talking circles. The interaction amongst the group may result in more information rich and dynamic discussion. Can range in size, but usually 6-10
Interview Guide
A list of questions or topics to be explored in the interview. Typically used during semi-structured and structured interviews. Helps ensure that the same/similar questions are asked to each participant.
Observation
When researchers go into the field to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon or topic of study.
Complete Participant
When a researcher takes part in the activity, event, or phenomenon of study
Participant as Observer
When a researcher engages both as a participant and researcher, with the role as researcher being more obvious.
Observer as participant
When the researcher participated in the activity, but it is of secondary importance to actually recording observations.
Complete observer
When the researcher has no interactions with the participants.
Observational Protocol
A template to guide researcher’s field notes.
Includes header, descriptive notes, reflective notes, and visual sketches.
Taxonomy
A formal system for classifying multifaceted and complex phenomena.
Inductive Data Analysis
Findings are grounded in the data that are generated
Deductive data analysis
When there is an existing framework or list when researchers code the data.
Transcribing
The process of taking oral data and reproducing it as faithfully as possible into written text.
Coding
The systematic organization of data into meaningful chunks that, once brought together, become the significant themes of the research.
Open Coding
In inductive content analysis, when writing notes and headings in text with the goal of describing all aspects of the content
Categorization Matrix
In deductive content analysis, when text is coded using existing categories from previously developed theory and research.
Trustworthiness
The merit of a qualitarive study. Includes truth value, applicability, consistency, and neutrality
Truth Value
The credibility of a Qualitative study, particularly in regard to how reflective the study is of the participants true meanings and experiences.
Applicability
Or transferability, the extent to which the findings of a research study may be applied to other contexts or participants.
Consistency
The dependability of a study
Neutrality
The degree to which the findings of a study are based on the participant’s meanings and experiences, and not a function of the researchers bias, interests, and perspectives.
Audit trail
a transparent description of the entire research process of which an external auditor can study to determine the validity of a study
Member Check
When a participant reviews and studies the data or findings and have the opportunity to add, alter, or delete information.
Peer Debrief
When a peer pushes the researcher to critically reflect on the study findings in a way that the researcher might not have previously considered.
Negative or Discrepant Information
Information that counters the main study findings to bring attention to the unique perspectives of participants and recognize the complexity of a socially constructed world.
Prolonged Engagement
Sustained time at a research site
Rich, Thick Descriptions
Presenting or sharing data and research findings in a rich manner to highlight the unique and complex experiences of the participants and provide context for the study.
Triangulation
A way of cross checking study findings and interpretations by using a variety of data sources, perspectives, and methods.
Methodological Coherence
The idea that the research design aligns and is coherent with the researcher’s philosophical worldview and assumptions, research questions, study design, data generation, data analysis, and interpretation.
Armchair walkthrough
Reflecting on all aspects of a qualitative study to develop a sense of one’s research project and help develop methodological coherence.
Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ)
A 32 item checklist containing criteria for evaluating the merit of a qualitative research study. It includes criteria for research team and reflexivity, study design, and analysis and findings.
Characterizing traits
Criteria that may loosely allude to the quality of the research, but are not necessarily indicative of strong research.
Concurrent Mixed Methods Research Design
When researchers collect their qualitative and quantitative data at the same time
Sequential Mixed Methods Research Design
A two-phase approach to data collection, whereby the qualitative and quantitative portions are dare one after the other with the data collected during the first phase informing the data collection in the second phase.
Side-by-Side Comparison
When quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed separately, with one set of findings being presented, followed by the other.
Data Transformation
When one form of data is converted into the other form of data. Either qualitize or quantitize the data.
Concurrent Nested Designs
A mixed methods research design in which one of the methods dominates while the other one is embedded within it and may be of secondary interest.
Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design
When the quantitative data are collected in the first phase, and the qualitative data are collected in the second phase.
Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Designs
When the qualitative data are collected in the first phase and the quantitative data in the second phase.
Positive Reporting Bias
The selective reveal or suppression of information.
Participatory Action Research
Research driven by a transformative worldview that co-generates knowledge with participants and results in practical outcomes for participants.
Action Research
A broad framework that encompasses PAR and various other approaches to research and focuses on collaborative research that results in direct benefits to participants.
Kemmis and McTaggart Seven Key Features of PAR
- Social process
- Participatory
- Practical and Collaborative
- Emancipatory.
- Critical
- Reflexive
- Process to transform both theory and practice.
Action Research Spiral
A possible study design for carrying out PAR that includes ongoing planning, executing, and reconnaissance occuring in a spiral until the overall objectives and actions are achieved.
Five-phase PAR Approach
A possible study design for PAR that includes that includes 5 stages designed to help add more detail to the research. The five stages occur in a cyclical and iterative process, often including overlap.
Stringer and Ganat’s version includes:
1. Research Design
2. Data Gathering
3. Data Analysis
4. Communication
5. Action
Frisby’s version includes
1. Setting the research question
2. building trust
3. Data Generation
4. Data Analysis
Challenges of PAR
- Establishing and nurturing relationships
- Ensuring ongoing participant collaboration
- Identifying action
Knowledge Translation (KT)
A process that includes the synthesis, dissemination, exchange, and application of knowledge, and takes place within a complex system of interactions between researchers and knowledge users.
Knowledge Users
Any individual who is likely to be able to use the knowledge gained through research to make informed decisions about policies, programs, and practices.
Synthesis of Knowledge
The process of contextualizing and integrating findings from individual research studies within the larger body of knowledge on a topic. Includes systematic reviews, scoping reviews, narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and practical guidelines.
Knowledge Dissemination
Identifying a particular audience and tailoring the knowledge exchange to that audience, including both the message and the medium. Includes providing summaries for knowledge users, educational sessions with patients, and media engagement.
Knowledge Exchange
The engagement between researchers and knowledge users that results in mutual learning through planning, producing, disseminating, and applying existing or new research.
Application of Knowledge
Putting knowledge into practice. Needs to be consistent with ethical principles, social values, and legal regulatory frameworks.
End-of-project Knowledge Translation
Sharing knowledge that was gained during a project or study, and this knowledge is presented after a project has been completed.
Integrated knowledge translation
Active engagement between researchers and knowledge users throughout the entire research process, with the two working together to collaboratively shape the research process. An ongoing KT process. Sometimes referred to as PAR, but it was developed in a health research context, and focuses more on increasing knowledge use, implementation, and impact.
Peer-review process
When materials for publication are subjected to inspection by a select group of individuals who are knowledgeable in the area and whose recommendation is influential in the fate of the material.
Abstract
the scientific summary of the research study
Key terms
3-5 terms listed at the end of the abstract that reflect the focus of the study and are used for indexing articles in search engines.
Introduction
Answers the question of what is this paper about. Eases readers into study topic and logically leads them toward the research question and purpose statement.
Method
A complete description of the methods used in the research that allow readers to replicate the study and determine the appropriateness of the methods used.
Results
Tells the reader what was found in the study in relation to the study purpose.
Discussion
An incorporation of any conclusions that might be drawn from the research findings.
Symposium
A form of conference presentation that is a formal gathering of experts in a specific area of research who each present their research on a particular topic.
Innovative arts-based approaches to KT
short film, interpretive dance, ethnodrama, visual art, comic art, musical performances.
Innovative Text-Based KT Approaches
Stories, Narratives, Fictional Narratives, Poetic Representation.
Innovative Media-Based Approaches to KT
Social Media, Websites, Online tools, Podcasts, TED talks, 3-minute Thesis Competition.
Relationship-oriented KT Approaches
Gatherings.
Defining Features of Qualitative Research
- Researchers are key instruments in the research process.
- Data generation, not collection.
- Typically takes place in a natural setting
Sample Size Considerations in Qualitative Research
- Scope of the study
- Nature of the topic
- Quality of the data
- Number of interviews per participant
- Study Designs
Creswell’s 6 steps to Data Analysis of Qualitative Data
- Organize and prepare the data
- Read or look at all the data
- Start coding all the data
- Generate descriptions or themes
- Decide how the findings will be represented
- Interpret the findings.
Strategies to enhance trustworthiness, rigour, and validation
- audit trail
- member check
- peer debrief
- present negative or discrepant information
- prolonged engagement
- purposeful sampling
- researcher reflexivity
- rich, thick descriptions
- triangulation
Additional Considerations for Evaluating Qualitative Research
- Methodological Coherence
- COREQ
- Relativistic Approach
Benefits of Mixed Methods Research
- neutralizing weaknesses and maximizing strengths of quantitative and qualitative designs
- triangulating
- improving comprehensiveness
- developing and testing instruments
- assisting sampling
- enhancing generalization.
Challenges of Mixed Methods
- blending philosophical worldviews
- bringing together researchers with differing worldviews, education, and experiences
- navigating timelines and access to resources
- making sampling and analysis decisions
- resolving publication and evaluation challenges.
