quiz 2 Flashcards

Question

advocacy groups

Answer 1

Organiza- tions representing the concerns of various social movements or economic interests. Rather than contest elections like a political party, advocacy groups seek to influence government policy from the outside. They are sometimes called interest groups, although it should be noted that this term is often used pejoratively.

Answer 2

Minority groups with a vested interest in particular sections of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, such as section 27, which recognizes the multicultural heritage of Canada.

Answer 3

Refers to section 33 of the Constitution Act 1982. It allows Parliament or a legislature to enact a piece of leg- islation that violates section 2 and/ or sections 7 to 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It expires after five years, and must be repassed if it is to remain in effect.

Answer 4

Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which enables governments to place reasonable limits on the rights guaranteed by the Charter.

Answer 5

A judicial test used by the Supreme Court of Canada to determine if a law is in accordance with section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Answer 6

A legal system that is descended from Roman law and is still used by the non-English-speaking parts of Europe and much of Africa. Rather than relying on judge-made precedent, civil law instead uses a comprehensive civil code that is written by a legislature. In Canada, Quebec still uses civil law, and thus maintains its own civil code—the Code civil du Québec.

Answer 7

The senior member of the Supreme Court of Canada.

Answer 8

A position held by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada if the governor general dies in office.

Answer 9

Particular and uniquely Aboriginal rights stem- ming from the original treaties signed between Aboriginal peoples and the French and British Crowns

Answer 10

Unique rights of Aboriginal peoples that stem from the original occupation and use of the land by Aboriginal peoples.

Answer 11

An Aboriginal right to own land collectively as a result of the original occupation and use of the land by Aboriginal peoples.

Answer 12

The right of Aboriginal peoples to establish, design, and administer their own governments under the constitu- tion of Canada.

Answer 13

Groups of legal or “status Indians” living on a reserve or self-governing community. It is not a legal term; it was adopted by Aboriginal peoples themselves for political reasons.

Answer 14

The politi- cal and economic subjugation of a particular group of people within a country by the government of that country.

Answer 15

Schools that were established by the Govern- ment of Canada in conjunction with the Catholic and Anglican churches to forcibly educate Aboriginal children and assimilate them into mainstream Canadian society. The schools operated for more than a century, and the last residential school was closed in the 1990s. More than 150,000 Aboriginal children attended residential schools, where they were frequently physically and psychologically abused.

Answer 16

Federal legislation that defines the legal status of Indian peoples in Canada and reg- ulates the management of Indian lands and reserves.

Answer 17

Cards issued by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada to Aborigi- nal peoples registered under the Indian Act.

Answer 18

An Aboriginal person who is registered under the Indian Act and consequently is entitled to certain legal rights.

Answer 19

A group of Status Indians under the Indian Act. Many bands now prefer to be known as First Nations.

Answer 20

An area of land owned by the Crown but reserved for the use of an Indian band. Some bands have more than one reserve.

Answer 21

The governing body of an Indian band under the Indian Act.

Answer 22

The forcible enfranchisement of Indian individuals against their will, meaning that they lost their status as Indian. Those who were involuntarily enfranchised were essentially divorced from their community. The Government of Canada used the threat of invol- untary enfranchisement to curb Aboriginal activism.

Answer 23

A policy proposal made by the Trudeau government in 1969 to eliminate the Indian Act and Indian status and assimilate Aboriginal people into the mainstream of Canadian society. It was resolutely opposed by most Aboriginal peoples and organiza- tions in the country.

Answer 24

Refers to Aborig- inal rights, including title and self-government, stemming from the original occupation and use of the land by Aboriginal peoples.

Answer 25

Claims that address First Nations’ rights to land and resources that are not subject to historic treaties

Answer 26

Claims that address issues that arise when the terms of specific Aboriginal treaties are not being recognized or fulfilled.

Answer 27

Those Aboriginal rights that have been expressly terminated by a lawful authority, such as the Parliament of Canada.

Answer 28

A test devised by the Supreme Court of Canada that seeks to determine if a particular law constitutes a reasonable infringement of an Aboriginal right. For the law to be a reason- able infringement, it must have a valid and important legislative objective, and the honour of the Crown must be upheld by ensur- ing that meaningful consultation has occurred with the affected Aboriginal group.

Answer 29

A test devised by the Supreme Court of Canada that establishes the criteria to determine the existence of an Aboriginal right. The Supreme Court has indicated that Aborig- inal rights are those that have continuity with the practices, customs, and traditions of Aborig- inal peoples that existed prior to contact with European society.

Answer 30

Two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex, and asexual people.

Answer 31

a type of equality that requires the state to apply the law in a similar fashion to all citizens regardless of differences such as gender or race

Answer 32

a form of citizenship in which the state recognizes that disadvantaged groups, such as racial minorities, may require different treatment to realize their equality. differential citizenship stands in contrast to the liberal principle of procedural equality

Answer 33

distinct perspectives -- often associated with a particular region or group -- on the identity and fundamental principles of the body politic

Answer 34

An agreement between the federal government and the provinces to amend the constitution. The recognition of Quebec as a distinct society was the centrepiece of the accord. The objective of the accord was to obtain Quebec’s consent for the Constitution Act 1982, but the accord failed when it did not receive legislative support in Manitoba and Newfoundland.

Answer 35

a type of equality that requires the state to apply the law differently to different groups based on their relative advantages or disadvantages so as to obtain an equal outcome or standard of living for all people

Answer 36

The disconnection many Canadians in the Western provinces feel to the rest of Canada, and the belief that the Government of Canada tends to make policies for the benefit of the majority in Central Canada to the detriment of the West.

Answer 37

An idea promoted by conservatives in Western Canada to make the Senate of Canada an elected chamber with an equal number of represenatives from each province, thereby creating a more effective counterbalance to the House of Commons.

Answer 38

An agreement between the federal government, the provinces, and Aboriginal organizations to amend the constitution. The primary objectives were to obtain Quebec’s consent for the Constitution Act 1982, establish self-government for Aboriginal peoples, and reform the Senate. The agreement failed when Canadians rejected it in a referendum in October 1992.

Answer 39

A bill introduced and passed in Parliament after the Quebec referendum in 1995 that states the federal government will consent to an amendment of the constitu- tion only if it is supported by the legislatures in the five regions of Canada: the Atlantic provinces, Quebec, Ontario, the Prairie prov- inces, and British Columbia.

Answer 40

a case referred to the supreme court of gov of canada to determine the legality of a province separating from the federation

Answer 41

A law passed by Parliament in 2000 that outlines the legal process for a province to separate from Canada.

Answer 42

An election with a sharp and durable realignment between political parties. It usually represents a more fundamental realignment of the pre-existing political cleavages within the electorate.

Answer 43

Refers to a general public lack of interest in politics and more specifically to the decline in voter participation.

Answer 44

A term used by psychol- ogists and sociologists to describe the distinct phases of life each individual goes through regardless of generation, such as being a tod- dler, attending elementary school, going to university, working in a career, and retiring.

Answer 45

A term used by sociologists to describe the unique characteristics of particular generations.

Answer 46

The shift in political values in recent times away from basic economic concerns toward social justice and environmentalism.

Answer 47

A term that describes the social benefits reaped from people participating in voluntary organizations.

Answer 48

A term that encap- sulates the notion that citizens have obligations to ensure the well-being of their communities