quiz 2 Flashcards
chapters 3, 4
Victimology
the study of the role of the victim in the crime
Victim Precipitation Theory
victims initiate the confrontation that results in crime
Active Victim Precipitation Theory
come over here and say that!
Passive Victim Precipitation Theory
Wrong place, wrong time
Lifestyle theories for victim precipitation theory
high-risk lifestyle, equivalent group, proximity, deviant place
Routine Activities
available suitable target, lack of capable guardians, motivated offenders
Costs
Property, productivity, medical bills, insurance increase, lower property values, fear, decreased quality of life
Murder costs
$9M
Rape costs
$240k
Robbery costs
$42k
Household Burglary costs
$6k
Stolen property costs
$8k
Victim Fear
women more so than men, behavioral change, relocation, trauma
Crime begets
criminal behavior and victimization
Cycle of Violence
pass it down generation to generation
victim rate is highest among
teens and young adults (13-25)
the older we get
victimization decreases
65 and older are the
2% ers (except fraud, purse snatching, check theft)
Elder abuse is expected to
grow
poverty correlated to
victimization
crime is (race)
intra-racial
african- americans are
more likely victimized, 56% homocides
marriage reduces
victimization
Target vulnerability
cant defend themselves, make it easier to victimize, ex: elderly
Target gratifiability
You have something I want
Target antogonism
characteristic or behavior that can cause the offender to elicit anger or jealousy
After the crime
victim compensation, victim advocacy, impact statements
sometimes victimes are not
blameless
the enlightenment
important social/intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century
the enlightenment emphasized
free will and rational thought and moved away from superstition and sin
Humans are
fundamentally rational
pain and pleasure
are the 2 central determinants of human behavior
punishment deters
law violators and to serve as an example to others
the principles of right and wrong are
inherent in our nature and cannot be denied
society provides benefits
to individuals that they would not receive in isolation
society requires individuals
to forfeit some benefits
certain key rights are
necessary to enjoy life
crime lessens the quality of the bond that exists between
individuals and society
Cesare Beccaria
Essay on Crimes and Punishments, punishment is based on the degree of injury caused, punishment must be swift and certain but severe enough to just outweigh the benefits from the crime
Jeremy Bentham
An Introduction to the Principles of Moral Legislation, people are rational and weigh the consequences of behavior, punishment must be swift and certain
Offense Specific
Is it worth it? Risks? Can I get away? Who will buy stolen goods? Anybody home/watching?
Offender Specific
Do I have the skills and ability? Do I need to commit or am I desperate for $? Can I commit other crimes instead?
Criminality
peers and guardians, sneaky thrills, economic need/ opportunity, competence and experience
Crime
place and time: anybody home? choosing target, the get away!
Situational Choice Theory
crime as a function of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities, crime requires both motivation and opportunity, reduce crime by changing the environment
Situational Crime Prevention
increase effort involved in crime, increase risks associated with crime, reduce rewards of crime, reduce provocations leading to crime, remove excuses
Is crime rational?
yes, some cases
Hard Determinism
Positivist Criminology
Free Will
Classical Criminology
Neoclassical view adds
retribution
Just Deserts
just enough punishment to make you stop, he got his “just deserts”
specific Detterence
seeks to prevent a particular offender from repeating criminality
general deterrence
seeks to prevent others from committing similar crimes
Determinate sentencing (legislative)
mandates a specific and fixed amount of time to be served for each offense category
Truth in sentencing
individuals in prison are required to serve 85% of their sentence before release
Incapacitation
the use of imprisonment to reduce likelihood that an offender will be able to commit future crimes
