QUIZ 2

Question 1

form

Answer 1

form of speech sound- phone
phone- actual production; no meaning attached

Question 2

function

Answer 2

speech sound function- phoneme
phoneme- smallest unit that distinguishes meaning

Question 3

what are the basic requirements for meaningful utterances in any language?

Answer 3

form and function

form and function need to work together to signal meaning and be intelligible

Question 4

why consider phonological theories?

Answer 4

theories:
- are practical
- guide and direct clinical work (assessment and interventions)
- offer a variety of clinical possibilities (different perspectives)

Question 5

distinctive feature

Answer 5

any property that separates a subset of element from a group

in phonology- create a distinction between the sounds we use in speech

Question 6

distinctive sound features

Answer 6

demonstrate similarities and disimilarities among phonemes

binary system
(+) indicates PRESENCE of certain features
(-) indicates ABSENCE of certain features

Question 7

what are the 5 features that establish and distinguish among phonemes? (Chomsky and Halle)

Answer 7

major class features
cavity features
manner of articulation features
source features
prosodic features- WE ARE NOT GOING TO COVER THIS

Question 8

major class features

Answer 8

sonorant, consonantal, approximants

Question 9

sonorant

Answer 9

open vocal tract- promoting voicing
vowels, nasals, and approximants

Question 10

consonantal

Answer 10

sounds produced with a high degree of oral obstruction
plosives, fricatives, affricates, approximants and nasals

Question 11

approximants

Answer 11

sounds produced with oral obstruction not higher than required for the high vowels [i] and [r]
vowels and approximants

Question 12

cavity features (place of articulation)

Answer 12

coronal- blade of the tongue raise from its neutral position

anterior- sounds produced in the frontal region of the oral cavity with the alveolar ridge being the posterior border (labial, dental, and alveolar consonants)

nasal- open nasal passageway

lateral- lowered lateral rim portions of the tongue (sound leaving from sides of tongue)

high- high tongue position

low- low tongue position

back- retracted body of the tongue - velar and glottal sounds

rounding- lip rounding [w]

Question 13

manner of articulation features

Answer 13

continuant- sounds produced without hindering the airstream with any blockages in the oral cavity
[+ continuants]- vowels, fricatives and approximants
[- continuants]- plosives, nasals, and affricates

delayed release- sounds produced with a slow release of a total obstruction within the oral cavity
- affricates

Question 14

source features

Answer 14

1. voiced- produced by simultaneous vf vibration (all vowels are voiced)
2. strident- making a loud or harsh sound ( acoustic features of sound)

Question 15

maximal opposition approach

Answer 15

if we see a lot of speech sounds are missing, we pick 2 phonemes that are very distant from each other (most distinctive from each other)

Question 16

generative phonology

Answer 16

outgrowth of distinctive feature theory
two levels of sound representation:
1. surface level representations- the actual productions (what the child produced)
2. deep structure- abstract underlying ‘features’ of such production

IDENTIFY THE CONTEXT IN WHERE THE CHANGE IS MADE

Question 17

naturalness and markedness: Chomsky and Halle (1968)

Answer 17

toddlers tend to make similar substitutions; this makes us think that some speech sounds are easier than others

Question 18

natural phonemes

Answer 18

easier to produce; more common across different languages (labeled unmarked)

Question 19

marked phonemes

Answer 19

more difficult to produce and occur LESS often in languages across the world

Question 20

implicational universals

Answer 20

theoretically speaking if the child produces a marked sound this implies that he/she should be able to produce a more unmarked/natural speech sound BUT NOT VICE VERSA

Question 21

natural phonology

Answer 21

this theory explains the patterns of speech are governed by an innate, universal set of phonological processes

all children are born with the capacity to use the same system of phonological processes

Question 22

trajectory of phonological processes (Stampe 1969)

Answer 22

1. limitation- the child may choose to use a more natural/unmarked sound for a more marked one
2. ordering- the child is trying to revise their productions to be closer to the adult-like form
3. suppression- abolishment of previously used phonological processes

Question 23

syllable structure processes

Answer 23

address the general tendency of young children to reduce words to basic CV structures

Question 24

substitution processes

Answer 24

when one speech sound is substituted for another

Question 25

assimilation processes

Answer 25

when one speech sound influences another

Question 26

case history

Answer 26

general info (age, name, home address, etc.)

parent interview (who lives at home w child, who spends most time w, etc)

ask parents specific questions regarding (prenatal and medical history)

Question 27

hearing screening

Answer 27

pure tone audiometry
- pure tones presented to each ear at abt 20 dB for diff frequencies)

history of middle ear infections

Question 28

diadochokinetic rate

Answer 28

tests the speed of the movement of the articulators

provides info about motor and speech planning

Question 29

advantages of speech assessment

Answer 29

-easy to administer
- results provide quantifiable list of incorrect sound productions
- norm-referenced (comparison to peers in same socioeconomic status, age, etc).

Question 30

disadvantages of speech assessment

Answer 30

• sound productions-in selected, isolated words
• examine a very small portion of a person’s articulatory behavior
• you CAN’T derive goals from standards score alone

Question 31

what info do standard scores provide?

Answer 31

if a child qualifies for services or not

Question 32

stimulability testing

Answer 32

tests in the child can produce the sound given support

higher stimulability is correlated with rapid therapeutic success

Question 33

additional measures

Answer 33

• spontaneous speech sample
• language screening
• phonological and phonemic awareness screening
• measure of intelligibility

Question 34

measures of intelligibility

Answer 34

2yrs- 50% intelligible
3yrs- 75% intelligible
4yrs- 100% intelligible

Question 35

percentage of consonant correct (pcc)

Answer 35

number of correct consonants/number of correct plus incorrect consonants x100

severity
-mild- 85-90%
-mild to moderate-65 to 84.9%
- moderate-severe=50-64.9%
-severe <50%

Question 36

proportion of whole-word correctness

Answer 36

number of correct words/ total number of words

Question 37

why are standardized scores not enough?

Answer 37

it doesn’t give analysis of tx needed

sometimes a child performs well but your observations identify for tx

Question 38

looking beyond the standard score

Answer 38

phonetic inventory- all sounds/phones child can produce independently and what phones they are missing

phonotactic constraints- placement/distribution of phonemes (initial, medial, final position)

phonemic inventory- meaning of words (if they can differentiate)

phonological process analysis

Question 39

prevocalic consonants

Answer 39

consonants that occur before a vowel

Question 40

postvocalic consonants

Answer 40

consonants that occur after a vowel

Question 41

intervocalic consonants

Answer 41

consonants that occur between two vowels

Question 42

what could 2 or more phonemes represented by the same sound production indicate?

Answer 42

indicate that the contrastive phonemic function may not have been realized