Quiz 2

Question 1

Gas to Liquid is what process?

Answer 1

Condensation: apply pressure or decreasing temperature which decreases the intermolecular distance which means that the molecule stick closer together

Question 2

Liquid to Gas is what process?

Answer 2

Vaporization: apply pressure or increasing heat/energy increases the intermolecular distance which means molecules has more room to move and more kinetic energy

Question 3

Liquid to Solid is what process?

Answer 3

Freezing/Fusion: decrease heat/energy which decreases the intermolecular distance which means that the molecule stick closer together

Question 4

Solid to Liquid is what process?

Answer 4

Melting: increase heat/energy which increases the intermolecular distance which means that the molecule are farther apart and has more kinetic energy

Question 5

Sublimation

Answer 5

process by which a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase. This occurs when the molecules within a solid have enough energy to overcome the forces holding them together and transition directly into the gas phase

Question 6

Deposition

Answer 6

Deposition is the process in which a gas changes directly into a solid without passing through the liquid phase. It’s essentially the reverse of sublimation. Deposition occurs when gas molecules lose enough energy for the intermolecular forces to pull them together into a solid structure.

Question 7

How is supercritical fluid formed?

Answer 7

When pressure is applied excessively and temperature is increased above the critical point, supercritical fluid forms

Question 8

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

Answer 8

(fraction of gas molecules possessing a particular energy) shown in Fig. 2.8 tells that range of distribution decreases exponentially with increase in energy

Question 9

Gay-Lussac’s Law and Charles’s Law: (V1)(T1) = (V2)(T2)

Answer 9

the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature

Question 10

Boyle’s Law: (P1)(V1) = (P2)(V2)

Answer 10

inversely proportional relationship
between P and V at constant T. if pressure is decreased 4 times (i.e., P2 = P1/4) volume
will increase 4 times (i.e. V2 = 4V1)

Question 11

Clausius-Clapeyron: states the relationship between vapor pressure and
absolute temperature

Answer 11

log (P2/P1) = deltaHv (T2 - T1) / (2.303)(8.314 J/mol*K)(T2)(T1)

Question 12

Degree of Freedom

Answer 12

F = C - P + 2

Question 13

How does crystals form?

Answer 13

nucleation - one point where all solid molecule can be deposited

Question 14

What are the factors that influence crystal growth

Answer 14

solvent, temperature, and impurity

Question 15

Should a pharmaceutical process transition a drug into its less stable polymorph?

Answer 15

no

Question 16

Allotropism

Answer 16

Existence of an element in more than one crystalline form; e.g. diamond and
graphite are allotropes of carbon

Question 17

Polymorphism

Answer 17

Same substance but different crystalline forms. They are characterized by different chemical properties such as different melting point, stability, solubility, X-ray diffraction pattern. If it is due to change in conformation, conformational polymorphism.

Question 18

Polyamorphism

Answer 18

an amorphous solid can exist in two or more distinct amorphous forms. The different amorphous forms may have variations in density, atomic arrangement, or other physical properties, even though the material remains in an overall disordered, non-crystalline state. These differences can arise from changes in temperature, pressure, or other environmental conditions.

Question 19

Monotrops

Answer 19

one polymorph is stable under all conditions, while the other polymorph is either unstable or less stable. This means that if the less stable polymorph is formed, it will eventually convert to the more stable form over time, given the right conditions.

Question 20

Enantiotrops

Answer 20

different polymorphs are stable at different temperature ranges. This means that at a certain temperature, one polymorph will be stable, but as the temperature changes, another polymorph becomes the stable form.

Question 21

Pseudopolymorphs

Answer 21

Polymorphs containing solvents: Examples: lamivudine methanol solvates and scopolamine HBr hydrate

Question 22

What is the difference between solvates and anhydrates solids?

Answer 22

solvates: dissolves faster, lower melting point, less stable
anhydrous solid: dissolves slower, higher melting point, more stable

Question 23

Why are tablets made by compression and not drying?

Answer 23

Tablets are made by compressing drug granules. While drying the granules the drug may convert to less soluble polymorph especially when heat or prolonged exposure to certain conditions is involved, there is a risk that the drug may undergo a polymorphic transformation. This can result in the formation of a less soluble polymorph, which can negatively impact the drug’s bioavailability, reducing its therapeutic effectiveness

Question 24

Drug class of Acetaminophen

Answer 24

Antipyretic, analgesic

Question 25

Drug class of Famotidine

Answer 25

Histamine H2 receptor antagonist,

Question 26

Drug class of Piroxicam

Answer 26

NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug)

Question 27

Drug class of Norfloxacin

Answer 27

Broad spectrum antibiotic used in prostrate and urinary tract infection

Question 28

Drug class of Chloramphenicol palmitate

Answer 28

Broad spectrum antibiotic; due to side effects used only in serious infection for which less toxic antibiotic is not working

Question 28

Drug class of Ritonavir

Answer 28

Protease inhibitor, anti-HIV

Question 29

Amorphous solids

Answer 29

more soluble, dissolves faster, No well-defined conformation, isotropic, tend to flow easily when subjected to pressure

Question 30

In drug dosage form development, is metastable drug or stable form of drug preferred?

Answer 30

Generally metastable drugs capable of sustaining the processes involved in drug dosage form development is preferred over stable form of a drug

Question 31

Isotropic

Answer 31

similar properties when measured in all direction

Question 32

Anisotropic (except cubic crystals)

Answer 32

properties vary depending on the direction in which they are measured

Question 33

The crystalline and amorphous solids are characterized by a. melting point and heat of fusion, respectively b. freezing point and heat of fusion, respectively c. melting point and glass transition temperature, respectively d. glass transition temperature and melting points, respectively

Answer 33

c. melting point and glass transition temperature, respectively Crystalline solids are characterized by a well-defined melting point, where they transition sharply from a solid to a liquid state. Amorphous solids do not have a sharp melting point; instead, they are characterized by a glass transition temperature (Tg), which is the temperature range where they gradually transition from a hard, glassy state to a more rubbery or viscous state.

Question 34

The glass transition temperature for an amorphous solid is the mid-point of the transition in which the solid converts from a glassy to rubber state. a. True b. Depends on atmospheric condition c. False d. There is nothing like glass transition temperature

Answer 34

a. True

Question 35

4. The critical temperature and pressure for CO2 gas are 31oC and 74.9 atm, respectively. Can you liquefy CO2 stored at 100oC by applying pressure only? a. No b. Yes

Answer 35

a. No. CO₂ cannot be liquefied at 100°C by applying pressure alone because it is above the critical temperature of 31°C. Above this temperature, CO₂ exists as a supercritical fluid regardless of pressure.

Question 36

why is nitroglycerin formulated with macromolecules e.g. PEG, PVP, and MCC

Answer 36

it is highly volatile

Question 37

A gas is stored at 30C and 2.5 atmosphere. What will happen to pressure when the gas will move to a storage maintained at 60C? Given the volume of the gas container is 1.5 liters

Answer 37

Combined gas law: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Question 38

Why SFE is a better method for extracting essential oils from natural plant sources than other extraction methods

Answer 38

1. Supercritical fluids allow for lower-temperature extractions 2. Supercritical fluid extraction exhibits relatively higher selectivity of extracted compounds. This avoids multiple purification steps.

Question 39

Ideal Gas Law equation

Answer 39

PV = nRT