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Sex Phys > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Female Anatomy: Give Functions of Ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, cervix, and mammary alveoli

A

ovaries: make gametes
uterus: houses the fetus
uterine tubes: transports egg to uterus, site of fertilization
vagina: entrance/exit to system
cervix- doorway from vagina to uterus
mammary alveoli- lactation

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2
Q

What are the functions of Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium?

A

endo- lining of the uterus composed of connective tissue and simple columnar epithelium, shed during menstruation
myo- muscly contraction point, thick smooth muscle look
peri- wrap around myo and endo, outer membrane

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3
Q

Details on Oocytes

A

-oocytes are produced in the ovary during the fetal period
-at birth a human already has all the eggs she will have in her lifetime.
-oocytes are encased in follicles

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4
Q

What is ovulation?

A

ovulation: process when the egg is released from the follicle and available for fertilization

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5
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

after ovulation, the follicle remains in the ovary and is called the corpus luteum (light body)
- if menstruation does not occur, the corpus luteum dies and is now called the corpus albicans(white body)

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6
Q

What are the three stages of follicle life without menstruation?

A

follicle-corpus luteum-corpus albicans

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7
Q

Define function of endometrium and what occurs if egg implants or does not implant?

A

Endometrium thickens each month as blood vessels dilate and secretory glands secrete nutrient-rich fluid in preparation for fertilization
- if a fertilized egg implants, it buries itself in this endometrial lining
- if implantation does not occur, the arteries constrict, cutting off blood flow. The endometrial cells die and the endometrium is shed through the vagina (menstruation)

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8
Q

Is the vagina rigid? What kind of pH environment does it have?

A

-stretchy, muscular, not very sensitive
- acidic environment to protect from pathogens (pH: 4-4.5)

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9
Q

What are breasts composed of?

A

-breasts are composed of lobes and lobules of mammary tissue, milk is produced in alveoli

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10
Q

What do Prolactin and Oxytocin do in breast?

A

Prolactin: makes milk
Oxytocin: controls the secretion of milk

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11
Q

What is the pathway of sperm beginning from production?

A

-sperm are produced in the Testis in the Seminiferous Tubules(due to necessary temps for sperm production)
- sperm mature in the Epididymis
-exit the body through the Ductus Deferens (vas deferens)

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12
Q

What are there patches of outside the seminiferous tubules?

A

Patches of endocrine cells producing male reproductive hormones, primarily testosterone.

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13
Q

What is Semen made of and what purposes do they serve?

A

Semen is a mixture of sperm and secretions
-sperm make up only 1% of the volume of semen
- secretions include
: a basic (high pH) component to combat vagina acidity
: sugars to give energy to the sperm
: prostaglandins that trigger muscle contractions in the female reproductive tract, these contractions can cause crypts in vagina that allow sperm to survive for 7 days

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14
Q

What is Differentiation?

A

process of embryonic stem cells to adult cell fates. Differentiation is not reversible in vivo but it is reversible in vitro.

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15
Q

How are “weeks” calculated in human gestation?

A

Calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle of the pregnant person

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16
Q

What is hCG?

A

human ChorioGonadotropin is a hormonal signal produced by the fertilized egg to signal to the ovaries that fertilization has occurred.
-hCG targets corpeous leutum leading to release of estrogen and progesterone to stop menstruation
- maintains the ovarian production of progesterone to prevent menstruation
- peaks around week 12, at this point the placenta can make its own progesterone, so no signaling to the ovaries is necessary

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17
Q

What is the indifferent stage of development ?

A

-first 7 weeks: focus on internal development
- development of reproductive structures is unique: can become testes or ovaries, a penis or a clitoris- all about timing and signals

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18
Q

What is the kick off event of the indifferent stage?

A

the migration of the germ cells (weeks 4/5)
- germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridges

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19
Q

What occurs during weeks 5 and 6 of indifferent stage?

A

with the arrival of the germ cells (weeks 5/6) the surface of the genital ridges begin to differentiate into primordial reproductive structures
- these are long tubes that will become the ducts of the reproductive system

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20
Q

What is the SRY?

A

Sex determining region Y
- SRY contains the genes for 2 signals: testosterone and Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

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21
Q

What are the two types of ducts that embryos have during weeks 8-12 in the presence of SRY signals? What develops and undevelops ?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) and Paramesonephric (Mullerian)
- testosterone production promotes mesonephric duct differentiation into epididymis and vas deferens
- AMH prevents the development of paramesonephric ducts

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22
Q

What does the mesonephric duct differentiate into in male embryos?

A

testosterone production promotes mesonephric duct differentiation into epididymis and vas deferens

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23
Q

What tubes develop and undevelop in female embryos during weeks 8-12

A

in the absence of testosterone, mesonephric ducts degrade
paramesonephric cords develop into fallopian tubes, uterus, and more

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24
Q

Do hymens break? Explain

A

-most of the time the hymen recedes on its own just before or after birth
- if it remains intact, it becomes very stretchy along with the rest of the vaginal wall in response to hormones of puberty

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25
Q

When do the genital folds form in embryos ?

A

weeks 5-7

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26
Q

Difference between development between of scrotum and labia

A

Swellings fuse to become scrotum.
Swellings stay separate to become labia.

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27
Q

Difference between formation of penis and clitoris?

A

Both are made of sensitive erectile tissue
-the tissue elongate to become a penis
- it retracts somewhat to become a clitoris

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28
Q

What occurs in male and female fetuses regarding the inguinal canal?

A

Male: testes descend through the canal to come to reside within the scrotum. The Canal is now stretched, results in increase risk for inguinal hernia
Female: uterus is shrouded in a ligament. A portion of this ligament passes through the inguinal canal and terminates on the labia majora

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29
Q

Who is more at risk for inguinal hernias?

A

more common in individuals who had descended testicles because the canal is larger

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30
Q

What are the results of growth hormone levels being high after birth?

A

Low levels of testosterone and estrogen.
- body is focused on bone and muscle growth

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31
Q

What are cartilage and bones tissues responsive to ?

A

cartilage tissue is responsive to growth hormone
bone tissue is responsive to testosterone and estrogen

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32
Q

When is growth hormone released?

A

Sleep and strenuous exercise in children development

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33
Q

Why can a lack of exercise limit growth ?

A

with a lack of weight bearing stress bones will not “know” to grow.

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34
Q

What do Vitamin C and D do?

A

C: required for synthesis of the collagen framework
D: absorption and transport of calcium, calcium deposition bone. without calcium would travel through system without being absorbed.

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35
Q

What occurs if there is a High Blood Ca2+? What about Low Ca2+?

A

High Blood: under the influence of calcitonin and estrogen osteoblasts deposit Ca2+ to the bones

Low Blood: Parathyroid hormone activates osteoclasts, liberate Ca2+ from bones to blood

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36
Q

When do sex hormones promote growth? How about ossification?

A

At low levels, sex hormones promote growth by increasing secretion of growth hormone
At higher levels, sex hormones promote ossification directly, cause ossification of the epiphyseal plates.

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37
Q

Def Adrenarche:

A

increases in androgens from the adrenal gland, androstenedione and DHEA

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38
Q

Define Thelarche:

A

breast development. The breast cells go through due to rising levels of estrogen from the ovaries

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39
Q

Define Pubarche:

A

development of pubic hair

40
Q

Define Menarche

A

onset of menstruation

41
Q

What are the stages of puberty in men (6)

A

-proliferation of seminiferous tubules and subsequent growth of testes
-appearance of body hair
-growth of penis
-1st ejaculation
-ejaculate has functional sperm (17yo)
-fusion of growth plates

42
Q

Stages of puberty in females (6)

A

-breast development
-pubic hair growth
-uterus/ovaries/vaginal growth
-labial and clitoris growth
-menarche (11 yo)
- cartilage fusion

43
Q

What is used to measure puberty and what exactly is measured?

A

The Tanner Scale is used to measure puberty
Male: growth of penis and testicles, pubic hair growth
Female: breast development and pubic hair growth

44
Q

What is kisspeptin?

A

it will activate hypothalamus for GnRH release at the start of puberty

45
Q

What three hormones positively regulate GnRH secretion at the onset of puberty?

A

insulin, ghrelin, leptin

46
Q

What is insulin?

A

secreted by the pancreas in response to high sugar levels in the blood, positively regulates GnRH secretion by increasing kisspeptin secretion

47
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

hormone secreted by the stomach to tell your brain you are hungry, positively regulates GnRH secretion by increasing Kisspeptin secretion

48
Q

What is Leptin?

A

hormone secreted by adipose tissue when stored nutrient levels are high, positively regulates GnRH secretion by increasing kisspeptin secretion

49
Q

What can lead to an earlier thelarche?

A

-body height at age of 6-8
- parental smoking
-socioeconomic factors leading to nutritional stores.

50
Q

How does the average age of menarche drop every decade?

A

average age of menarche has dropped by average of 3 months every decade possibly due to increase in food consumption, leading to an increase in body fat stores.

51
Q

Is there a correlation between age of menarche and SES status?

A

yes and no
- there is only significant differences between SES status and/or social stressors in population where these differences also correlate to nutrition.

52
Q

How does menstrual cycle length vary in the first years to later on?

A

-cycle lengths vary from 21-45 days in years 2 and 3
-“regular” cycle can be seen about 4 years after menarche

53
Q

What is precocious puberty in males and females?

A

females-breast bud development before age 8 (idiopathic)
males- testicular growth before age 9 in anatomical males (almost always due to genetics or tumor development

54
Q

What is delayed puberty in females and males?

A

females- breast bud development after age 13
males- testicular growth after age 14

typically genetic and accompanies full delay in development (bones, muscles, height are all delayed)

55
Q

What does puberty change in the brain?

A

-with puberty comes a shift from gray matter to white matter in the brain
-this allows the nervous system to work faster
-gray matter is unmyelinated and contains most of the brains neuronal cell bodies
- white matter is myelinated and allows communication to and from gray matter areas.

56
Q

What are the four sex phases?

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
or
desire, arousal, orgasm, resolution

57
Q

Who are the researchers known for the sex phases?

A

Masters and Johnson

58
Q

What is Libido?

A

sexual desire
-controlled by estrogens and androgens(more significant)

59
Q

Why is arousal higher in some phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

excess estrogen increase arousal

60
Q

brain matter in regards to clitoris and penis?

A

the clitoris and penis have the same brain destination and same amount of brain matter

61
Q

Pathway of nitric oxide (NO) in excitement?

A

NO binds to receptor, which increases signaling molecule cAMP, leading to vasodilation in penis and clitoris leading to erection in both sexes.

also vasodilation in perineum, breasts, scrotum/labia which increases size and sensitivity of these areas.

62
Q

How does Viagra function?

A

viagra is a cAMP release stimulator, ultimately leading to vasodilation/erection

63
Q

Describe Plateau phase

A

marked by the return of the sympathetic NS
- increases in heart rate, breath rate, muscle tension
-oxytocin causes uterine contraction, elongating the vagina
-glands secrete fluid

64
Q

Describe orgasm in men

A

-smooth muscle contractions in epididymis deliver sperm to vas deferns
-bulbourethral, prostate and seminal glands contract and empty contents into urethra
- pelvic muscles contract rhythmically to expel semen from urethra
-oxytocin surge
-there is a refractory period after orgasm

65
Q

Describe orgasm in females

A

-pelvic muscles contract rhythmically
-uterine contractions intensify propelling any deposited sperm upwards in the reproductive tract
-oxytocin surge

66
Q

What are the three glands in males that secrete fluid and what are the homologues in female bodies?

A

prostate- skene’s glands in females
seminal vesicle- no homologue
bulbourethral- bartholin’s glands in females

67
Q

Why is fluid ejection in plateau phase leaky?

A

because there are no pelvic floor muscle contractions to eject with force

68
Q

Describe Resolution in Sex

A

substantial oxytocin release
-parasympathetic dominance systemically: HR and breathing rate slows
-sympathetic innervation to genitals causes vasoconstriction, resolving vasocongestion(swelling)

69
Q

What is important to know about infections of the reproductive and urinary structures?

A

infections are more common in sexually-active individuals or in times of increased sexual activity. They are not all sexually transmitted

70
Q

How can STIs effect the urinary system?

A

Infections that start externally can reach internally to the kidneys

71
Q

What is the average pH of urine? How about vaginal secretions and childhood & menopause

A

pH is 4 on average, which is acidic
-pH of vaginal secretions at or below 4.5
-pH of 7 in childhood and post-menopause

72
Q

What are the antimicrobial compounds and antibodies in urine, vaginal secretions, and semen?

A

-urine has 2 antimicrobial compounds: lysozyme and lactoferrin (iron sequestration)
- IgA antibodies are found in urine, vaginal secretions and semen
-IgG is found in semen as well

73
Q

What two species thrive in the pH shift during puberty?

A

lactobaccilus (bacteria) and Candida albicans (yeast)
- species balance each other and compete for resources. unless there is surplus of resources, they outcompete any intruders

74
Q

What is almost always the causative agent of UTIs?

A

E. coli from intestine/rectum/anus

75
Q

Why are UTIs 14x more common in anatomical females?

A

the journey from urethra to bladder in females is shorter
- the male pathway is longer and frequently flushed

76
Q

What is Candida Albicans?

A

-species of yeast that lives all over our bodies
- it thrives on sugar, so yeast infections can occur whenever more sugar is available
-common after antibiotic treatments because bacteria is diminished, allowing fungus to thrive

77
Q

What is Vaginitis/Vaginosis?

A

-inflammation of the vagina, associated with itching
-fungal or bacteria
-with both, a shift in microbiome profile due to a shift in environmental conditions
-fungal: candida albicans, yeast infection
-bacteria: gardnerella species

78
Q

What is Chlamydia? (general info)

A

-bacteria STI
-most common reportable infection in US
-75% of cases are asymptomatic
- treatment often depends on screening, rather than seeking treatment

79
Q

Symptoms of Chlamydia in male and female bodied people

A

male: discharge, painful urination, damage to the urethra. infection can spread deeper into tract, threatening fertility (damage to testes)

female: discharge, painful urination, damage to the urethra. damage to the cervix, fallopian tubes, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

80
Q

What is PID?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease. inflammatory disease of tubes, ovaries, and wall of uterus.
-can result in scar tissue that complicates fertility: leads to ectopic pregnancy

81
Q

Describe Chlamydia in neonates

A

-50% vertical transmission rate
- eye infections that can lead to blindness
-pneumonia that can lead to death
-screening of pregnant people is routine, as is application of antibiotic eye drops

82
Q

Describe Gonorrhea in male and females

A

male: 10% are asymptomatic, may cause discharge, pain in urethra, untreated may cause inflammation in vas deferens or glands, can lead to infertility

female: 50% are asymptomatic, can infect both urinary and reproductive system, causes PID

in both: can cross into bloodstream and affect skin, heart, meninges leading to meningitis

83
Q

Gonorrhea in Neonates

A

-can cause blindness
-screening of pregnant people is routine, as is application of antibiotic eye drops
-respiratory system can be infected as well

84
Q

What is a Reservoir Population?

A

carrying and transmitting STI without knowing

85
Q

Why is gonorrhea hard to treat?

A

gonorrhea has demonstrated immunity to all but one treatment option

86
Q

What are the symptoms in primary Syphilis?

A
  • 10-90 days after infection one or a few chancres will appear at the site of infection (genitals/anus/mouth)
  • chancres are small and painless chancres and may not be noticed
    -chancres will last for a few weeks
    -if treated here, syphilis is cured
87
Q

What symptoms are from secondary Syphilis?

A

-rash appears, typically on palms of hands and soles of feet (thick skin)
- rashes may be so faint they arent noticed
-flu like symptoms may accompany rash
-secondary syphilis will go away with or without treatment; if no treatment, becomes latent

88
Q

What symptoms are from Tertiary syphilis ?

A

-infection moves on to other systems (nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal)
-10-30 years later, damage can be so extensive as to cause death
- bacteria can be treated but damage is unresolvable

89
Q

Symptoms of Congenital Syphilis (neonates)

A

-deformed bones
-sever anemia
-enlarged liver and spleen
- jaundice
-brain and nerve problems, blindness, deafness
-meningitis
-rashes

Syphilis can cross into fetal blood and has already affected baby at birth

90
Q

Info on Human Papilloma Virus

A
  • causes painless genital and oral warts
    -can lead to cancer
  • most common strands are preventable by vaccine
  • virus will self clear in 90% of infections
91
Q

What are the three types of herpes?

A

HSV-1 (oral and genital)
HSV-2 (only genital)
HSV-3 (chicken pox)

92
Q

How does Herpes become shingles?

A

virus initially effects epithelium
- it then hides in neurons
-neurons are not normally checked by immune system
- later in life, the immune system is suppressed, which allows virus to resurface as shingles

93
Q

Herpes in Newborn

A

-vertical transmission during birth or from contact after birth (usually kissing)
- has a 30-80% fatality rate
-internal organs can be infected
-nervous system infection is common, encephalitis and seizures most common outcomes

94
Q

What is an epidemiological dead end?

A

patient dies without spreading virus to other people

95
Q

How does HIV infect the immune system?

A

-helper T cells, a key component of the immune system, are main target
-because helper T cells are required to drive other immune responses, when Helper T cell levels decline, immune response is crippled, including memory responses

96
Q

How can you acquire HIV?

A

-to become infected you must be exposed to the virus and the virus must get to the lymph or blood rather quickly
-HIV can only be carried in blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk

Sex Phys (4 decks)

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