Quiz #2 Flashcards
What is a biomarker?
What does it involve?
Describe?
Involves the use of biologically available
chemicals inside the body that perform as
objective indicators of health/nutrition status
Involves a nutritional biomarker:
* An organic test used as an indicator of nutritional
status if it relates to the intake or metabolism of dietary
components
* Can be a biochemical, functional, or clinical index of
the status of an essential nutrient / dietary component
What is the function of biomarkers vs the effect of biomarkers?
Function
*Function biomarkers: help describe the role
of specific nutrients and potential interactions
between different nutrients in biological
systems.
*They also classify the roles of nutrients across
the lifespan and under different physiological
states.
Effect
Effect biomarkers: help us understand the
direct and indirect results—that is, those
affecting cells and those affecting system
function—of a nutrient deficiency.
What are four types of anemia?
Describe each?
Iron-deficiency anemia (Thalassemia): depletion of iron/poor iron absorption.
Pernicious anemia: a decrease in red blood cells that
occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin
B12. (can cause megoblastic anemia to result)
Megoblastic anemia (large RBCs): Megaloblastic anemia is the main clinical indication of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency.
Hemolytic anemia: Hemolysis: The rupture or destruction of RBCs. Hemolytic anemia can occur as a result of hereditary or acquired disorders.
What are serum protein tests?
Creatine
Dietary protein
Albumin
Prealbumin (Transthyretin)
Transferrin
Retinol Binding Protein (RBP)
What are serum mineral tests related to iron?
Iron
Serum Ferritin (Iron)
Soluble Transferrin Receptor (sTfR)
Hematocrit
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean Corpuscular volume
Iron
What are serum mineral tests
Iron related
Zinc
Calcium
Iodine
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
What are serum Vitamin tests?
A
D
C
B6 (pyridoxine)
B9 (folate)
B12 (Cobalamin)
What are serum blood chemistry tests?
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Bilirubin
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Cholesterol
LDL
HDL
Triglycerides
Blood glucose
A1C
4 general categories of biomarker tests?
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
Blood chemistry
What does creatinine protein assessment measure?
Measures kidney function, high with muscle wasting or
malnutrition
What does dietary protein assessment measure?
Measures nutrient intake
What do albumin measurement indicate?
Low with acute infection, trauma
High with dehydration
(maintains oncotic pressure)
What does prealbumin (transthyretin) test measure?
high/low with liver disease; inflammation
What does transferrin do?
Transports iron from absorption centers in the
duodenum (intestines) and white-blood-cell
macrophages to all tissues
What do Retinol Binding protein (RBP) test indicate?
High with chronic illnesses (i.e. Type 2 Diabetes)
What does serum ferritin (iron) test indicate?
Low with iron-deficiency anemia
High in autoimmune conditions
What does soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and transferrin rest indicate?
High with iron-deficiency anemia
What can hemoglobin (Hgb) tests show?
When low in combination with low HCT & high/low MCV,
indicates iron-deficiency anemia
What can hematocrit tests indicate?
High with sickle-cell anemia, thalassemia, and iron
deficiency
What does Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) test indicate?
Low with iron deficiency and thalassemia
High with macrocytosis
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) indicate?
High levels indicate B12 and/or folate deficiency
High/Low indicates iron-deficiency anemia
What can zinc tests show?
Low in urine/blood with acute infection/trauma, GI
malabsorption, or nutrient deficiency
Often low in combination with low albumin
High in urine indicates too much dietary intake
Calcium test indicate?
Low levels indicate hypocalcemia
Iodine test indicate?
Low in cases of hypothyroidism, mental retardation,
What are Phosphorous (P, PO4) tests used for?
high/low related to phosphorus/calicum-balance related
conditions
Potassium (K) test used for?
High in hypkalemia; low in hypokalemia
Sodium (Na) test indicate?
Low with hyponatremia (due to diarrhea/vomiting,
diuretics, kidney disease
High with hypernatremia (due to dehydration, Cusher’s
Syndrome)
Vitamin A test indicate?
Low with dietary deficiency
May be artificially low with severe protein-calorie
malnutrition
Vitamin D test indicate?
Low with autoimmune conditions, Type II diabetes,
rickets, osteopenia, osteoporosis
Low with poor dietary intake/low sunlight
Vitamin C test show?
Deficiency rare, low with chronic smoking
Vitamin B6 measurement?
Rare to be low, unless accompanied with low B12 and
folate
Can be low with illness
Folate measurement?
May be low with poor dietary intake, excessive alcohol
consumption, malabsorption disorders
Often associated with low B12/B6
B12 measurement?
Low with pernicious anemia, postsurgical malabsorption,
dietary deficiencies
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) test indicate?
High indicates liver injury; extremely high indicate acute hepatitis or overwhelming exposure to toxin/drug
High Bilirubin measurement indicate?
Elevated with jaundice, liver cirrhosis, pernicious anemia, acute hepatitis
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN measurement)?
High or low indicate poor liver or kidney function
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) measurement?
high/low indicates imbalance acid-base
Cholesterol measurement?
Below 200, low risk for CVD
Between 200-239 moderate risk for CVD
Above 240 high risk CVD
Triglycerides measurement?
Less than 150 low risk for CVD
150-199 borderline high risk
200-500 high risk
Greater than 500, very high risk
LDL measurement?
0-99 low risk
Above 99 moderate risk
HDL measurement?
Above 40 low risk
Less than 40 moderate-high risk
Most important thing in cholesterol measurements?
Note lipid ratio is greatest indicator
of risk!
Blood glucose measurement?
0-99 normal; greater than 99 indicates increased risk for
type II diabetes. Sometimes elevated with illness
A1C measurement?
Indicates long-term blood sugar status:
5.7-6.4% prediabetes
6.5% or greater indicates type II diabetes
