Quiz 2 Flashcards
Bronsted Lowry acid
Proton donator
deprotonated
Bronsted Lowry base
proton acceptor
protonated
for acids: strong=
reactive and unstable
conjugate acid
the acid formed after a base is protonated
conjugate base
the base formed after an acid is deprotonated
True or false?
An acid can lose a proton without a base present?
False
Explain where the arrows for a proton transfer are placed
- first arrow is placed going from the atom to be protonated to the H
- second arrow is placed from the proton bond to the atom that originally held the proton
pay attention to charges
Always placed the tail end of an arrow at a place of —-
electron density
the — the pka value the — the acid
lower, stronger
or higher, weaker
Equilibrium will favor—
the movement of electrons to form more stable atoms
away from strong acids
CARIO
- Charge
- the Atom the charge is placed on
- Resonance
- Induction
- Orbitals
CARIO
explain what charge means
Charge: an atom with no charge/ neutral will be more stable than one with a charge
unlikely you will come across a base with no charge
CARIO
explain what atom means
what atom is the charge placed on?
1. comparing two atoms in the same period: a more electronegative atom is more stable
2. comparing two atoms in the same group: a larger atom is more stable
Check resonance before any final decisions
CARIO
explain resonance
the atom with more valid resonance structures will be more stable and have the stronger acid
CARIO
Explain Induction
the more electronegative atoms present the more stable the molecule is, as well as the closer the electronegative atom the more stable it is
CARIO
Explain Orbitals
an atom that resides in an orbital with more s character after being deprotonated will be more stable
sp>sp2>sp3
Name the two exceptions to CARIO
that you need to know
- the con. bases of HCl and H2SO4- are more stable than water (so dont worry about charge)
- If you have a terminal alkyne and an amine the alkynes deprotonated form will be more stable than the amine because of the sp orbital
Counter ions
aka spectator ions, do not participate in rxns and can be ignored when performing CARIO
Lewis acid
electron pair acceptor
Lewis base
electron pair donor
All acids that qualify as B.L acids —- qualifiy as —acids
do, lewis
Hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds, number of hydrogens maximized
alkanes/ saturated hydrocarbons
Why can alkanes form conformations?
Because they experience free rotation about thier C-C bonds
Newman Projection
a method developed to depict alkanes from a straight-on POV to see where groups are in relation to each other
Torsional/dihedral angle
the angle between a front and back group on a newman projection
staggard conformation
lower in E, all groups spaced evenly apart
the favored conformation
Eclipsed conformation
Higher in E, groups are close together
torsional and steric strain
Which kind of conformation does torsional strain appear in?
eclipsed
Which kind of conformation does steric strain appear in?
can be found in staggard or eclipsed
Twisted, only happens in eclipsed conformation
Torsional strain
Happens between bulky groups that are not H groups, can happen in eclipsed or in staggard conformation
must be between two non H groups
Steric strain
Gauche conformations
steric strain in staggard conformation
Angle strain
the effects when a molecules bond angles differ too greatly from 109.5
seen in rings smaller and larger than 5/6 C
why are non ideal bond angles bad?
bc it leads to poor orbital overlap
Name the two most stable conformations of cyclohexane
Boat and Chair conformation
Is the boat or the chair conformation more stable?
chair conformation bc it has no torsional or angle strain
Every cyclohexane can have a max of — chair conformations
two
