Quiz 2 Flashcards
What did the Soil Bank Act of 1956 do?
Reduced farmland to drive up prices (government pays farmers to not farm)
When was ORRRC established and what does it mean?
National Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, 1958
What does the Sikes Act of 1960 do?
federal review of wildlife projects
What is ANWR and when was it established?
Alaska National Wildlife Refuge was established on the north slope with 8.9 million ac; expanded to 19.5 million ac by ANILCA in 1980; perhaps largest remaining oil prospect in the U.S., 1958-1960
What does the McIntire-Stennis Act do?
Federal forestry research money
When was “Silent Spring” written, who wrote it, and what is it about?
1962, Rachel Carson, exposed the hazards of pesticides in the environment (DEET, DDT)
What does the Wilderness Act of 1964 do?
a process for permanently protecting some lands from development (“must be untouched by the hands of man”)
What does the LWCF Act stand for and do?
Land and Water Conservation Fund (1965), federal funds for the purchase of public conservation lands. Annual appropriations have ranged from a high of $369 million in 1979 to none from 1996-1999. $140 million in 2002; $94 million in 2003; $28 million in 2006.
Why is the Vietnam War important to environmental policy?
Changes public trust in government, but facilitates environmental protests and movements as well
What does the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act do?
1966,improves administration and practices duh
What is the National Trails System Act and when was it approved
1968, Created a system to make National Trails which was expanded later
What is the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and when was it approved?
1968, Created a system to make Scenic and Wild river classifications which was expanded later
Who is Edward Muskie?
loses runs for Democratic presidential nomination to Humphrey; returns to leadership on Senate Environmental and Public Works Committees
Explain the book “population bomb”, who wrote it, and when it was published.
Warned about the effects of overpopulation, Paul Ehrlich, 1968
What does NEPA stand for, what does it do, and when was it established?
National Environmental Policy Act, Requires an environmental assessment of federal actions and has a tiered system for size of projects, 1969
What do the 1970 Clean Air Act amendments do and what are their 6 listed pollutants?
Expands the Air Pollution Control Act to limit the emissions of pollutants from stationary (industrial) and mobile (vehicles) sources.
-CO, Ozone, Pb, NOx SOx, Particulate Matter
What day is Earth Day?
April 22, 1970
What does EPA stand for, when is it established, and what is its goal?
Environmental Protection Agency, 1970, “Protect humans from environmental effects”
What does OSHA stand for, what does it do, and when was it established?
Occupational Health and Safety Act, Created the OSHA agency and regulations to protect workers from hazards in employment, 1970
What is “Limits to Growth” about, who wrote it, and when was it published?
Similar to “population bomb” but wrong, Donella Meadows et al, 1972
What do FEPCA and FIFRA stand for and how are the two connected?
Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (FEPCA) amends 1947 FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) and Authorizes the registration, regulation, and banning of pesticides and herbicides.
What does FWPCA stand for and what did it do?
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, non-point pollution can be anywhere and sets Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs): maximum pollutant allowed without violating water quality standards; sewage treatment, etc
What does the Marine Protection Act of 1972 do?
prohibits, with certain exceptions, the “take” of marine mammals in U.S. waters and by U.S. citizens on the high seas, and the importation of marine mammals and marine mammal products into the U.S.
What does the Coastal Zone Management Act do?
1972, Authorizes federal support and funds for states to plan to protect coastal areas
What does Izaak Walton League v. Butz do?
stops clearcutting on national forests in SE/Central
What does ESA stand for and what does it do?
Endangered Species Act (1973), Sets a process for listing animals and has strong regulations to protect listed animals
What does SPCA stand for and what does it do?
NC Sediment and Pollution Control Act (1973), Permits required for any land disturbance actions greater than one acre but has exemptions for agriculture
What does CAMA stand for and what does it do?
NC Coastal Area Management Act (1974), NC coastal zone planning; prevents hardened structures, and requires permits for construction and temporary hard structures.
What does RPA stand for and what does it do?
Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (1974), provides for national assessment and planning for forest lands, focused on public and national forest lands
What does CITES stand for and what does it do?
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1975), Adds levels of restriction on endangered species
What does NFMA stand for and what does it do?
National Forest Management Act (1976), More regulation on cutting down national forest trees, mean annual increment: how old a tree has to be to be harvested?
What does FLPMA stand for and what does it do?
Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976), Organic act to manage recreational lands
What does the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act do?
Sets goals for protecting ocean fishes and eventually means for establishing quotas to protect fisheries.
What does RCRA stand for and what does it do?
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, management of hazardous wastes from the point of origin to the point of final disposal (i.e., “cradle to grave”).
What does the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 do?
regulate toxic chemicals and mixtures that present an “unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment.”
What do the Clean Water Act Amendments do?
adds sewage treatment components. New standards for prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) in clean air areas.
When does the first Committee of Scientists recommendations for regulations for NFMA meet?
1978
What does ANILCA stand for and what does it do?
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, protected 102 million acres in Alaska as national parks, wildlife refuges, and wilderness areas. Also divided Alaska into squares to determine authority
What does CERCLA stand for and what does it do?
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, How to manage and respond to toxic waste
When was the Reforestation Tax Incentives/Recreational Boating Act established?
1980
What does the Food Security Act (Farm Bill) do?
(1985) Pays farmers to do conservation but has hooks: swampbuster (can’t plant in swamp unless you have a plan from NRCS), Sodbuster (need plan), cross compliance (can take away crop payments if uncompliant)
What does SARA stand for and what does it do?
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, Amended and strengthened CERCLA. New enforcement authorities; increased state involvement; more focus on human health problems; greater citizen participation; increased trust fund to $8.5 billion.
What does the Montreal Protocol do?
(1987) halve emissions of CFCs (CFCs kill the ozone layer)
What does the Brundtland Report on Sustainable Development say?
(1987) provide for the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
What accident happened in 1989?
Exxon Valdez oil tanker accident in Alaska’s Prince William Sound
What do the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments do?
Introduce Cap and Trade: if emmitors stay below emission limits they can trade the remaining amount to other emitting sources, expands the list of toxic air pollutants
What does the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program do?
cost-share assistance to private landowners to help them enhance wildlife habitat areas on their lands
What became official U.S. policy in 1990
No Net Loss of Wetlands, requiring mitigation of any activities that destroy wetlands
When is the Division of Biological Survey formed in USDI and what happens to it?
1992, folded into US Geological Survey (Fish and Wildlife Cooperative Research Units)
What happens in the 1992 U.N. Earth Summit In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil?
Framework Conventions on Climate Change, Biological Diversity, Statement of Forest Principles, 144 countries
What does the 1992 U.N. Committee on Temperate and Boreal Forests that meets in Montreal do?
develops the “Montreal Process” for criteria to achieve sustainable forest management (SFM), reduces timber harvest by 80% in boreal forests.
What does the Babbitt vs. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for Greater Oregon decide?
holds that prohibited “harm” under the ESA “may include significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife by significantly impairing the essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding, or sheltering.”
What does the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 do and amend?
-specific stocking objectives, measurable criteria, and management measures to end overfishing
-amends the Magnuson-Stevens Act Fishery Conservation and Management Act
What happens when Rio is Revisted?
agreements on binding actions to limit Global Climate Change
What does the Kyoto Protocol do?
to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG, e.g., CO2) emissions by 2050; 174 signatories, except the U.S., by 2007. Developing countries are exempt.
What does NWRSIA stand for and what does it do?
National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, Required ecological assessment of the landscapes, for use in management plans. (Every wildlife refuge organic act)
What happens in Pigford v. Glickman (USDA)?
African American farmers file a discrimination case due to unlawfully denying loans, processing loans slowly, etc. Similar settlements were made for native American, female, and Hispanic farmer classes.
What did President Clinton and the Forest Service do in 2000
protect more than 58 million acres of national forest from road building and most timber harvests
What does the Land, Conservation, Preservation and Infrastructure Improvement Fund do?
provides $12 billion in dedicated funding over a six-year period for the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) and other open space, wildlife habitat, wildlands, coastal and marine areas, and recreation programs (CARA Lite).
How many acres does Clinton set aside using the 1906 Antiquities Act powers?
6 million
What does SWANNC vs. U.S. Army COE decide?
case limits isolated potholes (small body of water) as federal wetlands
What does the 2001 UN Agreement for the Conservation and Management of Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks do?
laying the ground rules for fisheries in international waters
What 8 components were added to the 2002 Farm Bill reauthorization?
(1) Environmental Quality Incentives Programs (EQIP)
(2) Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
(3) Conservation Security Program (CSP)
(4) Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP)
(5) Farmland Protection Program (FPP)
(6) Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP)
(7) Forest Land Enhancement Program (FLEP)
(8) Community and Private Lands Fire Assistance Program (CPLFA)
What does the Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act of 2002 do?
Provided business some relief from CERCLA, and provided assistance for brownfields reauthorization.
What did the Navy do in 2003?
US Navy proposes building an Outlying Landing Field five miles from the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge in eastern North Carolina, an overwintering and annual habitat for large numbers of migrating birds
What does the Healthy Forest Restoration Act of 2003 do?
reduce wildfires and develop high priority forest health projects; reduce complexity of environmental analyses; more effective (early) appeals process; guidance for court action against forest health projects; creates a new Categorical Exclusion from the National Environmental Policy Act on all Department of Interior and Forest Service lands by authorizing an unlimited number of projects (up to 1,000 acres each) for all lands that the agencies claim are at risk of infestation by certain insects
what does the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 do for forestry?
changes reforestation tax incentives - $10,000 per year deduction; excess expenses over $10,000 amortized over 8 tax years.
What does the New National Forest Management Regulations of 2005 do?
repeals 2000 and 1982 NFMA regulations; makes forest plans strategic, not prescriptive; reduces role of science from best available to a factor of consideration; requires use of ISO 14000 environmental management systems; provides for categorical exclusions of EIS for forest management plans; focuses on ecosystems, not species, and removes species viability requirements.
What happened with the Kyoto Protocol in 2005
ratified by enough countries to become effective; U.S perhaps only developed country not to sign eventually
What does the Energy Policy Act do?
explores US energy options. increases drilling by exempting them from major environmental acts
What do the Court Cases Rapanos v. United States & Carabell v. US Army Corps of Engineers do?
Supreme Court limits expansive definition of wetlands used by Corps of Engineers / EPA
What is “An Inconvenient Truth”, who produced it, and when was it made?
2006, a documentary on global warming, and Al Gore
What does California do in 2006?
The California Legislature reached an agreement with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to reduce the state’s greenhouse gas emissions to Kyoto Protocol levels at a later due date than the Kyoto protocol.
What happens when the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act is reauthorized & what is NOAA
The eight National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) regional fishery councils must set catch limits
What did President Bush do with the Antiquities Act in 2006?
created the Northwestern Hawaii Islands Marine National Monument, the world’s largest marine protected area
What does RGGI stand for and what is it?
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) which is a state-level emissions capping and trading program.
What does Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency do?
Allows the EPA to regulate air quality
What does the Lacey Act Amendment do?
expands the Lacey Act to plants and timber
What does the 2008 Wildlife Use Value Assessment do?
North Carolina passes law allowing reduced use value assessment for wildlife conservation purposes, in addition to agricultural and timber purposes.
What did the Supreme Court rule in 2013?
forest roads are not point sources of pollution.
What did Utility Air Regulatory Group v. Environmental Protection Agency et al rule?
The EPA can regulate CO2 emissions from stationary sources
What does the Paris Agreement do?
Rules to fight climate change and rich countries give poor countries money to reduce emissions
What does the Clean Power Plan do?
addresses climate change, helps implement the Paris Accord, and responds to Supreme Court climate/air pollution decisions. Opposed by many court cases.
What does Trump do to environmental rules?
He rolls them back (112 total)
What does Sackett v. EPA do?
Redefines wetlands as “waters” encompass only relatively permanent, standing, or continuously flowing bodies, ordinarily called streams, oceans, rivers, and lakes. (water must be connected)
