quiz 2 Flashcards
inductive reasoning
derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations
deductive reasoning
specific results are derived from general premises
qualitative info
observations with senses
quantitative info
measured with instruments
hypothesis
an explanation to a question
theory
summarizes a group of hypotheses
scientific law
statement of fact usually as a mathematical formula
variable
something that is changed in an experiment
constant
something that doesn’t change throughout experiment
independent variable
the one factor that is changed by person during experiment
dependent variable
the factor which is measured in the experiment
control group
group not receiving any experimental treatment
positive control group
not exposed to experimental treatment, but is exposed to treatment that produces the same result
negative control group
not exposed to experimental treatment what so ever
mean formula
add all numbers together, divide by number of numbers
mode formula
number repeating most often
median formula
line numbers up in numerical order, find middle number in set
variability
measure of how spread out your data points are
(measured by range and standard deviation)
standard deviation
measure of how spread out the data is from the mean
1 SD- 68%
2 SD- 95%
3 SD- 99%
sd= ((square root)((measured value-mean)^2)/n-1))
standard error of the mean
used to determine precision
se mean= sd/(square root) n
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
element
substance that CANT be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
compound
substance consists of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
essential elements
CHONPS
trace elements
vital part of human nutrition, but only used in small quantities (iron, copper…)
bohr model
shows electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom
1st: 2e
2nd: 8e
3rd: 18e
lewis dot diagram
simplified bohr diagram
chemical bonds
attractions between two atoms, resulting from the sharing or transferring of valence e
electronegativity
measure of the atoms ability to attract electrons to itself
covalent bonds
when two or more atoms SHARE electrons (usually between two nonmetals)
nonpolar- shared EQUALLY
polar- shared UNEQUALLY
single bond
double bond
triple bond
ionic bonds
attraction between oppositely charged ions (usually between metal and nonmetal - metal transfers to nonmetal)
hydrogen bonds
partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent bond
intermolecular bond
bond that forms BETWEEN molecules
properties of water
polarity, cohesion, adhesion, capillary action, temp control (high specific heat and evaporative cooling), floating ice, solvent
polarity
unequal sharing of the e’s make water a polar molecule
cohesion
attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind (EX: water is attracted to water, because of H-bonds) allows for transport of water and nutrients against gravity, responsible for surface tension
adhesion
clinging of one molecule to a different molecule
capillary action
upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension (occurs when adhesion is greater than cohesion)
high specific heat
moderates air temp, stabilizes ocean temp, organisms can resist changes in their own internal temp
evaporative cooling
water has a high heat of vaporization.
importance of evaporative cooling
moderates earths climate, stabilizes temp in lakes and ponds, prevents terrestrial organisms from overheating (sweating, dog panting), prevents leaves from becoming too warm in the sun
density
as water solidifies, it expands, and becomes less dense
solvent
dissolving agent in solution
solution
homogenous mixture of 2+ substances
organic chem
study of compounds with covalently bonded carbon
organic compound
compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
carbon chains
form skeletons of most organic molecules
skeletons can vary in
-length
-branching
-position of double bonds
-presence of rings
functional groups
chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions
(hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, methyl, phosphate groups)
hydroxyl group
-OH
carbonyl group
C=O
carboxyl group
-COOH O=C-OH
amino group
-NH2 H-N-H
sulfhydryl group
-SH
methyl group
-H-C-H-H (C in middle, H surrounds)
phosphate group
-OPO3^2-
-O-P=O-O^- -O^- (P in middle, O surrounds)
