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AP BIO > quiz 2 > Flashcards

quiz 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

inductive reasoning

A

derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations

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2
Q

deductive reasoning

A

specific results are derived from general premises

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3
Q

qualitative info

A

observations with senses

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4
Q

quantitative info

A

measured with instruments

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5
Q

hypothesis

A

an explanation to a question

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6
Q

theory

A

summarizes a group of hypotheses

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7
Q

scientific law

A

statement of fact usually as a mathematical formula

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8
Q

variable

A

something that is changed in an experiment

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9
Q

constant

A

something that doesn’t change throughout experiment

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10
Q

independent variable

A

the one factor that is changed by person during experiment

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11
Q

dependent variable

A

the factor which is measured in the experiment

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12
Q

control group

A

group not receiving any experimental treatment

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13
Q

positive control group

A

not exposed to experimental treatment, but is exposed to treatment that produces the same result

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14
Q

negative control group

A

not exposed to experimental treatment what so ever

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15
Q

mean formula

A

add all numbers together, divide by number of numbers

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16
Q

mode formula

A

number repeating most often

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17
Q

median formula

A

line numbers up in numerical order, find middle number in set

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18
Q

variability

A

measure of how spread out your data points are
(measured by range and standard deviation)

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19
Q

standard deviation

A

measure of how spread out the data is from the mean
1 SD- 68%
2 SD- 95%
3 SD- 99%

sd= ((square root)((measured value-mean)^2)/n-1))

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20
Q

standard error of the mean

A

used to determine precision

se mean= sd/(square root) n

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21
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

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22
Q

element

A

substance that CANT be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

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23
Q

compound

A

substance consists of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

24
Q

essential elements

A

CHONPS

25
Q

trace elements

A

vital part of human nutrition, but only used in small quantities (iron, copper…)

26
Q

bohr model

A

shows electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom
1st: 2e
2nd: 8e
3rd: 18e

27
Q

lewis dot diagram

A

simplified bohr diagram

28
Q

chemical bonds

A

attractions between two atoms, resulting from the sharing or transferring of valence e

29
Q

electronegativity

A

measure of the atoms ability to attract electrons to itself

30
Q

covalent bonds

A

when two or more atoms SHARE electrons (usually between two nonmetals)

nonpolar- shared EQUALLY
polar- shared UNEQUALLY

single bond
double bond
triple bond

31
Q

ionic bonds

A

attraction between oppositely charged ions (usually between metal and nonmetal - metal transfers to nonmetal)

32
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent bond

33
Q

intermolecular bond

A

bond that forms BETWEEN molecules

34
Q

properties of water

A

polarity, cohesion, adhesion, capillary action, temp control (high specific heat and evaporative cooling), floating ice, solvent

35
Q

polarity

A

unequal sharing of the e’s make water a polar molecule

36
Q

cohesion

A

attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind (EX: water is attracted to water, because of H-bonds) allows for transport of water and nutrients against gravity, responsible for surface tension

37
Q

adhesion

A

clinging of one molecule to a different molecule

38
Q

capillary action

A

upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension (occurs when adhesion is greater than cohesion)

39
Q

high specific heat

A

moderates air temp, stabilizes ocean temp, organisms can resist changes in their own internal temp

40
Q

evaporative cooling

A

water has a high heat of vaporization.

41
Q

importance of evaporative cooling

A

moderates earths climate, stabilizes temp in lakes and ponds, prevents terrestrial organisms from overheating (sweating, dog panting), prevents leaves from becoming too warm in the sun

42
Q

density

A

as water solidifies, it expands, and becomes less dense

43
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent in solution

44
Q

solution

A

homogenous mixture of 2+ substances

45
Q

organic chem

A

study of compounds with covalently bonded carbon

46
Q

organic compound

A

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

47
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

48
Q

carbon chains

A

form skeletons of most organic molecules

skeletons can vary in
-length
-branching
-position of double bonds
-presence of rings

49
Q

functional groups

A

chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions
(hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, methyl, phosphate groups)

50
Q

hydroxyl group

A

-OH

51
Q

carbonyl group

A

C=O

52
Q

carboxyl group

A

-COOH O=C-OH

53
Q

amino group

A

-NH2 H-N-H

54
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

-SH

55
Q

methyl group

A

-H-C-H-H (C in middle, H surrounds)

56
Q

phosphate group

A

-OPO3^2-
-O-P=O-O^- -O^- (P in middle, O surrounds)

AP BIO (8 decks)

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