Quiz 2

Question 1

Lymph System

Answer 1

A system of open ended vessels called lymphatics that drain excess interstitial fluid back to circulation

Question 2

What is Lymph?

Answer 2

A Clear, colorless fluid
Interstitial Fluid
A filtrate of blood serum without the red blood cells and only 1/4 of the protein
Carries Glucose, Salts, Fats, Fibrinogen
Contains many lymphocytes (WBC)

Question 3

Function of the Lymph System

Answer 3

Antibody Production
Remove Tissue Debris
Return Tissue Fluid to the Vasculature System

Question 4

How does the Lymph system result in antibody production

Answer 4

The lymph nodes contain plasma cells and lymphocytes that have the ability to recognize and phagocytize antigens
A major source of immunity

Question 5

How does the lymph system remove tissue debris

Answer 5

Any residues left from trauma to the tissue are removed from the area and the bacterial end products are detoxified

Question 6

What are lymphatics

Answer 6

The vessels of the lymph system
Originate in periphreal tissues of extremeties (Teat Ends)
Feed Lymph to larger lymph ducts and lymph nodes

Question 7

Where does lymph in the udder drain to?

Answer 7

The two supramammary lymph nodes

Question 8

How does lymph flow through the body

Answer 8

Lymph vessels are fewer in number but often parallel to veins
The flow is one way, from the extremeties towards the heart
A series of one way valves ensures progressive movement towards the heart

Question 9

What is the pathway for lymph from the udder?

Answer 9

1. Supramammary lymph nodes
2. inguinal ducts
3. internal iliac ducts
4. deep lumbar trunks (unites with
   intestinal duct)
5. cisternal chyli
6. thoracic duct into vena cava
7. heart (fluid re-circulated in blood)

Question 10

What causes lymph to move through the body?

Answer 10

It is passive
Lymph moves by muscle movement, breathing, heartrate, and tissue massage

Question 11

What are the consequences of udder edema?

Answer 11

milking difficult; teat injury, improper milkout
weakening of supporting ligament
buildup of intramammary pressure

Question 12

What are 6 contributing factors to edema?

Answer 12

Increased hydrostatic pressure
Reduced oncotic pressure
Increases tissue oncotic pressure
Increased blood vessel wall permeability (inflammation)
Obstruction of fluid clearance
Changes in water retaining properties of tissue

Question 13

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 13

generated by the force of the heart, pushes water out of the capillaries

Question 14

Oncotic Pressure

Answer 14

created due to ability of small solutes to pass through capillary walls; drives water back into the vessels

Question 15

Afferent

Answer 15

Nerve signals traveling from the periphery to the central nervous system
Sensory

Question 16

Efferent

Answer 16

Nerve signals traveling from the cental nervous system to the periphery
Divided into Somatic and Autonomic

Question 17

Somatic

Answer 17

Portion of the efferent nervous system responsible for voluntary control

Question 18

Autonomic

Answer 18

Portion of the efferent nervous system responsible for involuntary control

Question 19

Sympathetic

Answer 19

Portion of the autonomic system that controls heart rate, respiration rate, and the vascular system
Includes Lumbar Nerves
Neurotransmitters are catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine
Controls Mammary Smooth Muscle

Question 20

Parasympathetic

Answer 20

Portion of the autonomic system that controls eye (iris), tearing, salivary glands, heart, respiratory rate and gut, bladder, and reproductive tract motility
Cranial and sacral nerves
Controls involuntary actions
The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
DOES NOT CONTROL THE MAMMARY SYSTEM

Question 21

Nerves to the udder

Answer 21

Lumbar and Sacral nerves serve the fore and rear udder
2nd, 3rd, 4th lumbar nerves join to form the inguinal nerve

Question 22

Where are sensory nerves located?

Answer 22

Afferent sensory nerves arise in teats, skin, and possibly mammary parenchyma

Question 23

Factors affecting milk let down

Answer 23

Autonomic Nervous System
– Stress gives epinephrine release
– Inhibits oxytocin release
– Inhibits myoepithelial cell contraction
– Inhibits blood flow to udder

Question 24

Cellular Structures

Answer 24

The cell is a package of very specialized, connected membranes which all contribute to its productive function.

Question 25

Nucleus

Answer 25

contains 95% of the cellular DNA
contains very little RNA
function: RNA synthesis from DNA template
(transcription)

Question 26

Mitochondria

Answer 26

relative abundance is indicator of cellular activity
At parturition there is an increase in mitochondrial size, activity, and numbers (function of cell size increase)
Function: oxidative phosphorylation; generation of cellular ATP (energy source)

Question 27

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 27

Acetate > mitochondrial Krebs cycle >
generate H+ pairs > enter cytochrome system > oxidative phosphorylation > [ADP>ATP]

Question 28

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 28

relative abundance is indicator of cell activity
ER is actually a cell membrane within cell; communicates with nucleus
Function: RNA translation at the ribosomes
* Amino acids > protein ; protein synthesis
* Synthesis of caseins, membranes
* Synthesis of enzymes for lipid synthesis, lactose synthesis

Question 29

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 29

Series of cellular membranes; apparently in
communication with the ER
Structures are more evident during lactogenesis; coincides with increase in RER, mitochondria
Function:
* synthesis and transport of milk components
(proteins)
* site of lactose synthesis

RER synthesizes golgi membranes > golgi vacuoles (package protein, lactose, water) > fuse with cell surface & replace apical cell

Question 30

Microtubules

Answer 30

Fine, filament-like membranes which form tubules
Function:
- facilitate transport of golgi vesicles to apex of cell
– compression of cell (increased intramammary pressure) disrupts this transport system; causes buildup of end product; has retarding effect on cellular synthesis

Question 31

Cell Membrane

Answer 31

Function:
* acts as a selective barrier to diffusion of solutes
* selective diffusion and transport of solutes into and out of cell
* maintains cell integrity