Quiz 2

Question 1

what is differentiation?

Answer 1

the process by which adult cells’ cell types (neuron, muscle cell, etc.) are decided

Question 2

differentiation is/not reversible in vivo

Answer 2

not

Question 3

what is hCG?

Answer 3

hormonal signal produced by the fertilized egg to signal to the ovaries that fertilization has occurred

Question 4

how does hCG prevent menstruation?

Answer 4

mains the ovarian production of progesterone

Question 5

weeks 0-7 characteristics

Answer 5

• mainly internal development; not much external development
• primordial lungs, muscles and other structures later become those structures, but reproductive structures can go on to become ovaries or testes

Question 6

weeks 0-7 kick-off event

Answer 6

the migration of primordial germ cells from the yolk sac to the genital ridges (weeks 4/5)

Question 7

testosterone production promotes _______ duct differentiation into epididymis & vas deferens

Answer 7

mesonephric

Question 8

anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) definition

Answer 8

prevents the development of paramesonephric ducts

Question 9

in the absence of testosterone, __________ ducts degrade

Answer 9

mesonephric

Question 10

weeks 8-12 characteristics

Answer 10

• cell differentiation begins
• if present, SRY genes will activate

Question 11

weeks 12-20 characteristics

Answer 11

• Sertoli and Lydia cells will develop in the presence of SRY signals
• in the absence of SRY signals, hymen, the lower vagina, ovaries, and oocytes develop

Question 12

estrogen and testosterone are secreted by the

Answer 12

gonads

Question 13

where is testosterone converted into estrogen?

Answer 13

bone tissue

Question 14

what enzyme converts testosterone into estrogen?

Answer 14

aromatase

Question 15

at the start of puberty, the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary become ____ sensitive to negative feedback signals

Answer 15

less

Question 16

at the start of puberty, GnRH begins to be secreted at _____ levels

Answer 16

higher

Question 17

LH and FHS levels increase, which leads to a(n) ________ in testosterone and estrogen levels

Answer 17

increase

Question 18

in early stages of puberty, estrogen (or testosterone converted to estrogen) levels are ___ enough to promote bone growth

Answer 18

low

Question 19

in early stages of puberty, estrogen (or testosterone converted to estrogen) levels are ___ enough to promote growth plate fusion

Answer 19

high

Question 20

sperm exit route

Answer 20

1. produced in the testes
2. epididymis (maturation)
3. vas deferens (ductus deferens)
4. prostatic urethra
5. membranous urethra
6. spongy urethra

Question 21

androgen receptor (AR) gene is carried on the _______

Answer 21

X chromosome

Question 22

ARs are expressed in the highest concentrations in the _______

Answer 22

reproductive organs and gonads

Question 23

AR in testes

Answer 23

• expressed on nurse and interstitial cells
• plays a role in sperm development

Question 24

AR in ovaries

Answer 24

• expressed on follicles
• plays a role in follicular development

Question 25

estrone is prominent

Answer 25

after menopause

Question 26

estradiol is prominent

Answer 26

in non-pregnant people

Question 27

estriol is prominent

Answer 27

in pregnancy

Question 28

estetrol is produced

Answer 28

only during pregnancy

Question 29

ER alpha expression

Answer 29

• endometrium
• breast cancer cells
• ovarian stromal cells
• hypothalamus
• efferent ducts within the testes

Question 30

ER beta expression

Answer 30

• ovarian follicle cells
• kidney
• brain
• bone
• heart
• intestines
• prostate
• endothelium