Quiz 2 Flashcards
Qualitative Research
Describes experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation.
Conducted in natural settings to learn about a topic from the perspectives of the participants
Transferability/Generalizability
Generalizability- When the sample is representative of the target populations (quantitative)
Transferability- Applicability of the findings to similar individuals (qualitative)
Rigor of a qualitative study
Strength of a qualitative study, extent to which the identified meanings represent the perspectives of the participants accurately
Qualitative Research Approaches
Phenomenological Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
Phenomenological Research
Purpose: Provide thorough description of a lived experience and create a composite of the essence of the experience
Refers to both a philosophy and group of research methods congruent with the philosophy that guides the study of experiences or phenomena
Descriptive Phenomenological Research
describes experiences as they are lived or to capture the lived experience of study participants
Interpretative Phenomenological Research
involves analyzing the data and presenting a rich word picture of the phenomenon, as interpreted by the researcher. Consistent with Heidegger’s philosophy
Heidegger’s philosophy
It is impossible to set aside one’s preconceptions and understand the world naively. Phenomenological researchers describe how participants have interpreted or given meaning to their experiences.
Grounded Theory
Inductive technique that emerged from the discipline of sociology
Theory is grounded in the real world based on data provided by participants.
Use people’s experiences (phenomenology) in order to produce a theory
Symbolic Interaction Theory- Mead
Symbolic Interaction Theory- (Mead)
Explores how people define reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions. Reality is created by attaching meaning and symbols to situations
Ethnographic Research
Developed by anthropologists as a method to study how cultures develop and are maintained over time
Emic Approach
Etic Approach
Focused Ethnography
Ethnonursing Research
Critical Ethnography
Emic Approach
Studying behaviors from within the culture that recognizes the uniqueness of the individual, typical goal of ethnography
Etic Approach
View the culture as a naive outsider and analyze its elements as a researcher
Focused Ethnography
Observing an organizational culture for a shorter time to learn about the shared experiences of a more confined, predetermined phenomenon
Ethnonursing Research
focuses mainly on observing and documenting interactions with people and how these daily life conditions and patterns are influencing human care, health, and nursing care practices
Critical Ethnography
Method that focuses on the socioecological and political factors within a culture
Problems and purposes in types of qualitative studies
Phenomenological
Grounded Theory
Exploratory-Descriptive
Ethnographic
Phenomenological
conducted to promote a deeper understanding of complex human experiences as they have been lived by the study participants
Grounded Theory
problems identifies the area of concern, and the purpose indicates the focus of the theory to be developed to account for a pattern of behavior of those involved in the study
Exploratory-Descriptive
conducted by several researchers to describe unique concepts, issues, health problems, or situations that lack clear description or definition
Ethnographic
problem and purpose identify the culture and specific attributes of the culture that are to be examined, described, analyzed, and interpreted to reveal the social actions, beliefs, values, and norms of the culture
Significance of a study problem and purpose
A research problem and purpose is significant when it has the potential to generate or refine relevant knowledge that directly or indirectly affects nursing practices.
Researchers need to make a clear link of how the findings
1. Might be applied in nursing practices
2.Expanded on previous research
3. Improved understanding of a problem by developing theory
4. Added knowledge to current nursing research priorities
Feasibility of a study
Determined by examining the researchers’ expertise money, commitment, availability of subjects, facilities and equipment, and the study’s ethical considerations
Null Hypothesis/ Statistical hypothesis
Null= no change
Believe there is no relationship between two variables and when theoretical or empirical information is inadequate to state a research hypothesis
Research hypothesis/alternate hypothesis
states that a relationship does exist between two or more variables (non-directional)
Causal hypothesis: Predicts the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable
Bias
slant or deviation from the true or expected. Distorts findings from what the results would have been without the bias
Control
having the power to direct or manipulate factors to achieve a desired outcome
Manipulation
form or control generally used in quasi-experimental and experimental studies
Most common= controlling an intervention
Study validity
measures of the truth or accuracy of the findings obtained from a study
Design validity
encompasses the strengths and threats to the quality of a study design
Critical appraisal of studies requires that you identify the design strengths and think through the threats to validity or the possible weaknesses in a study’s design
Four types
-construct
-internal
-external
-statistical conclusion
Construct validity
concerned with the fit between the conceptual and operational definitions of variables and that the instrument measures what it is supposed to in the study
Internal validity
extent to which the effects detected in the study are a true reflection or reality or are the result of extraneous variables
External validity
extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study
External validity
extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study
Statistical conclusion validity
concerned with whether the conclusions about relationships or differences drawn from statistical analysis are an accurate reflection of the real world
Descriptive Designs
Designed to gain more information about concepts, variables, or elements in a particular field of study
Purpose= provide a picture of a situation as it naturally happens
May be used to develop theories, identify problems with current practice, make judgments about practice, or identify trends of illnesses, illness prevention, and health promotion in selected groups
Simple Descriptive Design- used to examine variables in a single sample
Comparative Descriptive Design- used to describe variables and examine differences variables in two or more groups that occur naturally in a setting
Correlational Designs
Purpose= examine a relationship between or among two or more variables in a single group in a study.
Descriptive correlational- seeks to describe a relationship
Predictive Correlational- predict relationships among variables, including the value of one variable based on the value obtained for another variable
Model Testing Design- relationships proposed by a theory are tested simultaneously; all concepts relevant to the model are required to be measured and the relationships among these concepts are examined
picture description
Element- participant, subject, object, or event
Sample- selected with sampling method
Accessible population- available to researchers
Target population- determined by sampling criteria
population
Sampling/Eligibility criteria
include list of characteristics essential for eligibility or membership in the target population
Inclusion sampling criteria
characteristics the study/participant/element must possess to be part of the target population
Exclusion sampling criteria
characteristics that can cause a person who meets inclusion criteria to be excluded r removed from the target population
Sampling criteria
Homogenous- narrowly defining criteria to make the sample as similar as possible to control extraneous variables
Heterogenous-broadly defining criteria to ensure that there are a broad range of values or scores on the variables being studied
Simple random sampling
Provides strong representativeness of the target population that increases with sample size
quantitative
Stratified random
Provides strong representativeness of the target population that increases with control of stratified variables
quantitative
Convenience sampling
There is questionable representativeness of the target populations, which improves with increasing sample size; it is used in qualitative research so that an adequate number of participants might be found to promote understanding of the study area
Representativeness
the sample, accessible population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible
Random variation
expected difference in values that occur when different participants from the same sample are examined
Systemic variation
a serious concern in sampling, a consequence of selecting study participants whose measurement values differ in some specific way from those of the populations
Levels of measurement low to high
Nominal-Level
Ordinal- Level
Interval-Level
Ratio-Level
Nominal Level
Used when data can be organized into categories of a defined property but the categories cannot be rank ordered
ex: hair color, eye color, gender, marital status, diagnosis, etc
Ordinal level measurement
data are assigned to categories that can be ranked
Ex: pain scale, likert scale
Interval-Level measurements
uses scales which have equal numerical distances between intervals and follow the rules of mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and ranked categories and are assumed to represent a continuum of values.
NO ABSOLUTE ZERO
Ex: temp, grades, exam scores, elevation
Ratio-Level
meets all the rules of other forms of measurement and includes absolute zero points
Ex height, vital signs
Reliability
Consistency of a measurement method
Determines the measurement error in an instrument or scale used in a study
Stability Reliability- concerned with the reproducibility of scores with repeated measures of the same concept or attribute with a scale or instrument over time
Test-Retest reliability- generally used with physical measures, technological measures, and scales to determine instrument stability
Interrater Reliability- comparison of two observers or two judges in a study
Validity
determination of how well an instrument measures the abstract concept being examined
Content validity
examines extent to which measurement method or scale includes all major elements or items relevant to the construct being measured
Construct validity
focuses on determining whether the instrument actually measures the theoretical construct that it purports to measure, which involves examining the fit between the conceptual and operational definitions of a variable
Criterion-related Validity
strengthened when a study participant’s score on an instrument can be used to infer his/her performance on another variable
Predictive validity- extent to which an individual’s score on a scale or instrument can be used to predict future performance or behavior on a criterion
Concurrent validity-extent to which an individual’s score on an instrument or scale can be used to estimate his/her present or concurrent performance on another
Visual Analog scale
used to measure strength, magnitude, or intensity of individual’s subjective feelings, sensations, or attitudes about symptoms or situations
Likert scale
designed to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects
ex: surveys that use definitive statements and use the options of strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree to measure opinions
Probability theory
Used to explain the extent of a relationship, the probability that an event will occur in a given situation or the probability that an event can be accurately predicted.
Expressed as a lower case p with values expressed as percentages or as a decimal value ranging from 0-1
can change into a percent 0.2=20% chance
Mean= average
Sum of the scores divided by the number of scores being summed. Appropriate measure of central tendency for interval and ratio level data
Median= middle
midpoint, the score at the exact center of the underground frequency distribution
Mode= most common
Numerical value or score that occurs the most
Range
lowest to highest
Pearson product-moment correlation
inferential analysis used to examine bivariate correlations in studies
Bivariate correlation
measures the extent of the relationship between tow variables
T-test
used to examine group differences when the variables are measured at the interval or ratio levels
Can be found for independent and dependent samples
Results in a T-statistics and the value and significance of this result are reported in studies
P value
determines significance for tests
Ig p> degrees of freedom then there is no significant difference
If p< degrees of freedom, then there is a significant difference
