QUIZ 2 Flashcards
Single Trait Approach
Focuses on one trait
–> example: shyness can predict how one will act in different situations
many trait approach
correlations between one behaviour and many traits
–> includes the cali Q-set
California Q-Set
100 personality descriptions in terms or sorted into forced choice, systematical and normal distributions
- studied by funder and fast where they used “certainty words” and then used the Q-set to rank personality
Essential Trait Approach
Gordan Allport –> started the train to the Big Five
Gord Allport
17,953 words related to personality to describe physical/phsychological attributes
categorized them into three groups (cardianl traits, central, and secondary)
cardinal traits
dominate and shape behavior
central traits
reflect a characteristic way of behaving and dealing with others
secondary traits
changeable aspects of personality in certain situations
factor analysis
examines correlations between variables to find clusters or related variables
Raymond Cattell
factor analysis
- narrowed gord allports 17953 into 16
Hans Eysenk
Factor analysis
- PEN theory (biological)
Pyschoticism - vulnerability to breaks from reality
Extraversion - outgoing and energized by social interactions
Neuroticism - negative emotionally
BIG FIVE
we know these guys
lexical Hypothesis
if something is important, people will have invented a word for it
Plastcity
Extraversion and Openness related
stability
Agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness related
General Factor of Personality
EI
BIG FIVE divided
3 sets of different factors
NEO scale
costa and McCrae
- 6 facets of big 5
soto and John
3 facets of big five
deyoung and quilty and peterson
2 aspects of big five BFAS
Extraversion
- arousal
- relationship with biology (seek stimulation when brain activity is low: Myres and DeWall) –> dopamine and related neural activity is high
- related to popularity/social status/etc
comparison within the big five
who you are being compared to matters
Neuroticism
- related to ineffective problem solving, sensitivity to social threats, etc
conscientiousness
agreeableness
Openness
controversy of what it really means
- reflecting on approach intellectually matters
- degree to which one has been taught to view culture matters
- basic dimension of personality underlying creativity and perceptions
beyond the big five
HEXACO
Myres Briggs
created by katherine and isabel based on carl jungs argument on how mental capacities are used
- 16 personality types
why is myres briggs popular
Forer effect/Barnum Effect
- tendency to see ourselves in vague or general statements
how to avoid forer/bernum effect
- be aware of all purpose descriptions that could apply to anyone
- be aware of your own selective perceptions
- resist flattery and emotional reasoning
- offer simplistic answers
paradox of P.D.
people tend to maintain their distinctive personalities throughout their entire life
problem with maintaining one idea of personality change in the life time
cannot use single criterion
- ex: self control at 2 will be different than 22 (absolute change –> unstable) BUT compared to other people that age, it would be stable (rank-order consistency)
evidence for stability across lifespan
hopwood: personality scores correlate .6 to .9 just in 10 years apart
ex: inhibition predicts longer time it takes to find love and a first job
cumulative continuity
individual differences in personality become consistent with age
identity stabilizes
certain stable views of ourselves provide reference points for reacting to situations and making decisions
What keeps personality Stable
READ INTO ALL OF THESE ON SHEET
- Genetic influences
- physical factors
- environment
- birth order effects
- early adverse experience
- early positive experiences
- person-environment transactions
- psychological maturity
- cumulative continuity and maturity
Cross-Sectional Studies
different ages, same time
- C/O/A go down at age 10, and recover at 20
- E tends to decline after childhood, then plane out
- N increases for women in teens, but decreases for men
- includes cohort effects
longitudinal studies
same people, different times
Longitudinal Studies Examples
Roberts: people become more socially dominant, agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable
Milojev and Sibley: 10 000 people showed honesty/humility increased steadily
maturity principle
traits needed to preform adult roles
causes of personality developement
- hormones change
- abilities increase
- age related changes
- changing in social roles
- conscientiousness!!
Social Clock
systematic. changes in the demands that are made on a person over the years (Ravenna Helson)
Ravenna Helson
- “on time” and “late” principles
- assessed life satisfaction with women at college
- READ STUDY
Narrative Identity
Dan McAdams: every individual develops three aspects of identity
1. self as actor
2. Becoming an agent
3. author of your own autobiography
Laura Cartensen
older people take advantage of freedoms
- life foals that one sets depend on how much life one expects to have left
Seven Principles for P.D
Roberts/Wood/Caspi
1. Cumulative Continuity Principle
2. Maturity Principle
3. Plasticity
4. Role Continuity
5. Identity Development
6. Social Investment
7. Correspondant
Psychotherapy
attempting to change personality
–> Carl Rodgers (desirable change in client can occur if a therapist offers positive regards)
cognitive neuro science
physiological mechanisms of cognition (understanding the Ns and Individual units in the system)
Localization of Function
special functions served by specific parts of the brain
- Phineas Gage
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
- Antonio Damasio
- Part of the Frontal Lobes
- problem making and decision making
psychosurgery
destroys parts of brain known to be involved in negative behaviors
examples of psychosurgery
jacobsen/Fulton - Chimp friendlier
Antonio Egaz Moniz
- prefrontal leucotomy
- 2 incisions that destroyed certain parts
- won a nobel prize in 1949
- eventually lead to lobotomy (removal of whole sections)
walter freeman
- preformed 3500 lobotomies
- reduced emotional anguish, but also made people childish/unemployed/vegetative
neocortex
outer layer of brain
prefrontal cortex
forward part of brain cruital for cogntive functions, emotional experience and regulation. and the brain pathways for emotions
brain pathwayss for emotion
slow pathway: sensory input is routed to the cortex for analysis and then transmission to amygdala
fast pathways: directly to the amygdala for instant emotion
hemispheric asymmetry
left prefrontal cortex: approach emotions
Right prefrontal cortex: with drawl and escape
Position Emission Tomography
- way to study the brain
- blood flow to brain activated by cognitive tasks
- radioactive tracer through the bloodstream
- maps brain activity
functional MRI
- emotional role of frontal lobes
- measures blood flow through magnetic properties created by Oxygen
- advantage: no radiation
Subtraction Technique in FMRI
- interprets results of imaging experiments
- measure activity before and during
- red/yellow = increase in activity
- blue/green = decrease
EXAMPLES:
Zald/MAttson/Prado
McCabe
Zald/Mattson/Prado FMRI
people who are prone to negative emotions tend to have especially high levels of activity in prefrontal cortex
McCabe in FMRI
people who are cooperative show brain activity to be high if they are interacting with other people and simultaneous activity in the other areas of the brain are known to be a sensitive reward
Limbic System
the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviours we need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses.
Hippocampus
forming mems
