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Personality Psychology > QUIZ 2 > Flashcards

QUIZ 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Single Trait Approach

A

Focuses on one trait
–> example: shyness can predict how one will act in different situations

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2
Q

many trait approach

A

correlations between one behaviour and many traits
–> includes the cali Q-set

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3
Q

California Q-Set

A

100 personality descriptions in terms or sorted into forced choice, systematical and normal distributions
- studied by funder and fast where they used “certainty words” and then used the Q-set to rank personality

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4
Q

Essential Trait Approach

A

Gordan Allport –> started the train to the Big Five

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5
Q

Gord Allport

A

17,953 words related to personality to describe physical/phsychological attributes

categorized them into three groups (cardianl traits, central, and secondary)

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6
Q

cardinal traits

A

dominate and shape behavior

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7
Q

central traits

A

reflect a characteristic way of behaving and dealing with others

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8
Q

secondary traits

A

changeable aspects of personality in certain situations

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9
Q

factor analysis

A

examines correlations between variables to find clusters or related variables

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10
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

factor analysis
- narrowed gord allports 17953 into 16

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11
Q

Hans Eysenk

A

Factor analysis
- PEN theory (biological)
Pyschoticism - vulnerability to breaks from reality
Extraversion - outgoing and energized by social interactions
Neuroticism - negative emotionally

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12
Q

BIG FIVE

A

we know these guys

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13
Q

lexical Hypothesis

A

if something is important, people will have invented a word for it

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14
Q

Plastcity

A

Extraversion and Openness related

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15
Q

stability

A

Agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness related

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16
Q

General Factor of Personality

A

EI

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17
Q

BIG FIVE divided

A

3 sets of different factors

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18
Q

NEO scale

A

costa and McCrae
- 6 facets of big 5

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19
Q

soto and John

A

3 facets of big five

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20
Q

deyoung and quilty and peterson

A

2 aspects of big five BFAS

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21
Q

Extraversion

A
  • arousal
  • relationship with biology (seek stimulation when brain activity is low: Myres and DeWall) –> dopamine and related neural activity is high
  • related to popularity/social status/etc
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22
Q

comparison within the big five

A

who you are being compared to matters

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23
Q

Neuroticism

A
  • related to ineffective problem solving, sensitivity to social threats, etc
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24
Q

conscientiousness

A
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25
Q

agreeableness

A
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26
Q

Openness

A

controversy of what it really means

  • reflecting on approach intellectually matters
  • degree to which one has been taught to view culture matters
  • basic dimension of personality underlying creativity and perceptions
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27
Q

beyond the big five

A

HEXACO

28
Q

Myres Briggs

A

created by katherine and isabel based on carl jungs argument on how mental capacities are used
- 16 personality types

29
Q

why is myres briggs popular

A

Forer effect/Barnum Effect
- tendency to see ourselves in vague or general statements

30
Q

how to avoid forer/bernum effect

A
  1. be aware of all purpose descriptions that could apply to anyone
  2. be aware of your own selective perceptions
  3. resist flattery and emotional reasoning
  4. offer simplistic answers
31
Q

paradox of P.D.

A

people tend to maintain their distinctive personalities throughout their entire life

32
Q

problem with maintaining one idea of personality change in the life time

A

cannot use single criterion
- ex: self control at 2 will be different than 22 (absolute change –> unstable) BUT compared to other people that age, it would be stable (rank-order consistency)

33
Q

evidence for stability across lifespan

A

hopwood: personality scores correlate .6 to .9 just in 10 years apart
ex: inhibition predicts longer time it takes to find love and a first job

34
Q

cumulative continuity

A

individual differences in personality become consistent with age

35
Q

identity stabilizes

A

certain stable views of ourselves provide reference points for reacting to situations and making decisions

36
Q

What keeps personality Stable

A

READ INTO ALL OF THESE ON SHEET
- Genetic influences
- physical factors
- environment
- birth order effects
- early adverse experience
- early positive experiences
- person-environment transactions
- psychological maturity
- cumulative continuity and maturity

37
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies

A

different ages, same time
- C/O/A go down at age 10, and recover at 20
- E tends to decline after childhood, then plane out
- N increases for women in teens, but decreases for men
- includes cohort effects

38
Q

longitudinal studies

A

same people, different times

39
Q

Longitudinal Studies Examples

A

Roberts: people become more socially dominant, agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable

Milojev and Sibley: 10 000 people showed honesty/humility increased steadily

40
Q

maturity principle

A

traits needed to preform adult roles

41
Q

causes of personality developement

A
  • hormones change
  • abilities increase
  • age related changes
  • changing in social roles
  • conscientiousness!!
42
Q

Social Clock

A

systematic. changes in the demands that are made on a person over the years (Ravenna Helson)

43
Q

Ravenna Helson

A
  • “on time” and “late” principles
  • assessed life satisfaction with women at college
  • READ STUDY
44
Q

Narrative Identity

A

Dan McAdams: every individual develops three aspects of identity
1. self as actor
2. Becoming an agent
3. author of your own autobiography

45
Q

Laura Cartensen

A

older people take advantage of freedoms
- life foals that one sets depend on how much life one expects to have left

46
Q

Seven Principles for P.D

A

Roberts/Wood/Caspi
1. Cumulative Continuity Principle
2. Maturity Principle
3. Plasticity
4. Role Continuity
5. Identity Development
6. Social Investment
7. Correspondant

47
Q

Psychotherapy

A

attempting to change personality
–> Carl Rodgers (desirable change in client can occur if a therapist offers positive regards)

48
Q

cognitive neuro science

A

physiological mechanisms of cognition (understanding the Ns and Individual units in the system)

49
Q

Localization of Function

A

special functions served by specific parts of the brain
- Phineas Gage

50
Q

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

A
  • Antonio Damasio
  • Part of the Frontal Lobes
  • problem making and decision making
51
Q

psychosurgery

A

destroys parts of brain known to be involved in negative behaviors

52
Q

examples of psychosurgery

A

jacobsen/Fulton - Chimp friendlier

53
Q

Antonio Egaz Moniz

A
  • prefrontal leucotomy
  • 2 incisions that destroyed certain parts
  • won a nobel prize in 1949
  • eventually lead to lobotomy (removal of whole sections)
54
Q

walter freeman

A
  • preformed 3500 lobotomies
  • reduced emotional anguish, but also made people childish/unemployed/vegetative
55
Q

neocortex

A

outer layer of brain

56
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

forward part of brain cruital for cogntive functions, emotional experience and regulation. and the brain pathways for emotions

57
Q

brain pathwayss for emotion

A

slow pathway: sensory input is routed to the cortex for analysis and then transmission to amygdala
fast pathways: directly to the amygdala for instant emotion

58
Q

hemispheric asymmetry

A

left prefrontal cortex: approach emotions
Right prefrontal cortex: with drawl and escape

59
Q

Position Emission Tomography

A
  • way to study the brain
  • blood flow to brain activated by cognitive tasks
  • radioactive tracer through the bloodstream
  • maps brain activity
60
Q

functional MRI

A
  • emotional role of frontal lobes
  • measures blood flow through magnetic properties created by Oxygen
  • advantage: no radiation
61
Q

Subtraction Technique in FMRI

A
  • interprets results of imaging experiments
  • measure activity before and during
  • red/yellow = increase in activity
  • blue/green = decrease

EXAMPLES:
Zald/MAttson/Prado
McCabe

62
Q

Zald/Mattson/Prado FMRI

A

people who are prone to negative emotions tend to have especially high levels of activity in prefrontal cortex

63
Q

McCabe in FMRI

A

people who are cooperative show brain activity to be high if they are interacting with other people and simultaneous activity in the other areas of the brain are known to be a sensitive reward

64
Q

Limbic System

A

the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviours we need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses.

65
Q

Hippocampus

A

forming mems

Personality Psychology (1 decks)

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