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LING 1000 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phonology vs. Phonetics

A

Phonetics: the study of the physical properties of signs and sounds, including the anatomy and the properties of the sound waves
Phonology: the study of systematic rules and constraints that characterize human speech sounds and signs in and across languages

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2
Q

What is Phonology?

A
  • The study of the abstract patterns that characterize speech sounds and signs
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3
Q

Ease of production

A

We want to be efficient, pronouncing things with the least effort necessary

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4
Q

Ease of perception

A

We want to be understood, which depends on there being perceptible distinctions between different words

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5
Q

Phonemes

A
  • Smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another
  • Use slash brackets //
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6
Q

Allophones

A
  • The varieties of sounds inside the basket
  • Two versions of the same sound
  • Are within a system
  • Use square brackets [ ]
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7
Q

Phonotactics

A

The study of which sounds are and are not allowed in a given language; possible words

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8
Q

Natural Classes

A
  • Groups of sounds
  • Can often be found grouped in the same column(s) or row(s) in the IPA chart
  • Must include ALL of the phones of a language that have the property in question
  • Vary (slightly) from language to language
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9
Q

Environment

A
  • A description of the kinds of phones that are adjacent or in the same word as the phone of interest
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10
Q

Distribution

A
  • A summary of all of the kinds of environments a phone can appear in
  • Usually simplified as much as possible using natural classes
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11
Q

Alternation

A

A relationship between two phones that are allophones of each other

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12
Q

Minimal Pairs

A
  • Two words that are EXACTLY the same except for one phone
  • The one phone that is different appears in the same environment fro both words
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13
Q

Finding Patterns in Distributions

A

Look for:
- What comes BEFORE it
- What comes AFTER it
- What it comes in BETWEEN

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14
Q

Complementary Distribution

A
  • When the environments for two phones NEVER overlap
  • Each sound can never appear in the same environment that the other can occur in
  • Evidence that two phones are allophones of one phoneme
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15
Q

Contrastive Distribution

A
  • When the environments for two phones DO overlap
  • There is at least one environment that both phones share
  • Evidence that two phones belong to different phonemes
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16
Q

Phonological Rules

A
  • x -> y / a_b
  • They are a hypothesis about the phonological structure of language
17
Q

Free Variation

A
  • Non-phonological cause of allophonic variation
  • When there is variation in how to pronounce a phone that is not predictable based on the phonological environment
18
Q

Sociolinguistic Factors

A
  • Pronunciation differs depending on whether someone is speaking formally or casually
  • Different speaker pronounce things differently depending on their age, socioeconomic status, regional dialect, gender, sexual orientation, etc…
19
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the structure of words

20
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest meaningful units in language

21
Q

Base

A

A morpheme or group of morphemes that has had another morpheme added to it

22
Q

Roots

A
  • The ‘core’ stem of a word
  • A word constituent that cannot be further divided into morphemes
23
Q

Affix

A

A morpheme that attaches onto a base

24
Q

Types of Affixes

A

Prefix: attaches to the beginning of the base
Suffix: attaches to the end of the base
Infix: inserted inside the base (not in English)
Circumfix: inserted around the base (not in English)

25
Q

Bound vs. Free Morpheme

A

Bound: CANNOT appear on its own
Free: CAN appear on its own

26
Q

Parts of Speech

A
  • Are not told apart by its traditional meaning
  • Use syntactic and morphological distribution to determine a word’s meaning/behaviour
27
Q

Syntactic Distribution

A

What words can it appear before, after or in between?

28
Q

Morphological Distribution

A
  • What inflectional and derivational fixes can it take?
  • These are language-specific
29
Q

Hierarchical Structure of Words

A
  • Lines will never cross in morphology trees
  • Three determining features for order:
    1. The meaning
    2. Whether each step in the construction makes a possible word
    3. The properties of the affixes (what par they attach to & what it makes)
30
Q

Derivational Fixes

A

Morphology that changes the meaning or category of its base

31
Q

Inflectional Fixes

A

Morphology that expresses grammatical information appropriate to a word’s category

32
Q

Why Phonology is Better

A
  • Never pronounce something the same way twice
  • There’s no clear division between pronunciations (continuum)
  • Different languages treat the same phone differently

LING 1000 (1 decks)

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