Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHARM 155 - Drug info fundamentals > Quiz #2 > Flashcards

Quiz #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define controlled clinical trial

A

A study testing a specific drug or other treatment involving 2 or more groups of patients with the same disease. One group receives treatment and the other receives an alternate treatment, a placebo treatment or no treatment. The groups are followed up to compare the differences in outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Randomized Control trial

A

A controlled clinical trial where patients are randomly allocated to treatment and comparison groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define hypothesis

A

an idea/explanation tested through study and experimentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Independent variable

A

The variable that is intentionally changed to observe its effect on the dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between sample and population?

A

Sample: a representative unit of the population for study

Population: a set of individuals sharing specified properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between convenience sampling and probability sampling?

A

Convenience: the subjects selected for inclusion in the sample are easiest to access (like volunteer)

Probability: the subjects selected for inclusion in the study are done at random

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define cofounder

A

Unknown or unmeasured variables that may affect the relationship between exposure and outcome

Has a relationship with BOTH the exposure and the outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between patient-level and cluster randomization?

A

They are both units of randomization

Patient-level: each subject is individually allocated to intervention or control

Cluster: subjects are allocated as part of a group (example: all patients of pharmacy A are intervention, all patients of pharmacy B are control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the simple method of randomization?

A

Subject assignment without any consideration of previous assignments or affiliations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the stratified method of randomization?

A

Subjects grouped based on an important characteristic, then randomly sampled from that group into intervention or control
(example: female vs male, middle age vs elderly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the block randomization method?

A

Enroll and randomize subjects within multiple smaller ‘blocks’ that eventually add up to the desired sample size

Done to make an even amount of people in one group and ensures blinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the serial/factorial method of randomization?

A

Subjects are randomized into one group and then randomized into a second group

EX: randomized to intervention or control, then further randomize intervention group into different doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is quasi-randomization?

A

RED FLAG: not a true form of research where patients are not randomly allocated to a group and so confounding variables would be a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is clinical Equipoise?

A

The point where there is no current clinical preference between treatments; equally likely that treatment A or treatment B will turn out to be superior

Ethics would not approve a trial unless this was proven by the experimenter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between single, double and triple blinding?

A 
Single = subject OR investigator
Double = subject AND investigator
Triple = subject AND investigator AND data analyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an open label study?

A

No one is blinded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is involved in a cross-over study design?

A

Subjects serve as their own control and each subject receives all treatments sequentially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Washout Period

A

Drug-free interval between treatments designed to eliminated carry-over effects from one treatment to the next during a cross-over study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an N-of-1 study?

A

A form of cross-over study but there is only one participant, also has a washout period.

Should not be performed for acute curable conditions and results can’t necessarily be generalized to other patients

20
Q

Define variables a, b, c, and d from epidemiology calculations

A

a = exposure with outcome

b = exposure without outcome

c = no exposure with outcome

d = no exposure without outcome

21
Q

What is the EER?

A

EER = Exposure event rate (proportion of exposed patients with the outcome)

EER = a/(a+b)

22
Q

What is the CER?

A

CER = Control event rate (proportion of non-exposed patients with the outcome)

CER = c/(c+d)

23
Q

What is the relative risk?

A

RR = EER/CER

24
Q

What is the relative risk reduction?

A

RRR = (CER - EER)/CER

25
Q

What is the absolute risk reduction?

A

ARR = CER - EER

26
Q

What is the number needed to treat?

A

NNT = 1/ARR

27
Q

How do you calculate the odds that a patient with the exposure has the outcome?

A

a/b

28
Q

How do you calculate the odds that a patient without the exposure has the outcome?

A

c/d

29
Q

How do you calculate the odds ratio?

A

(a +d)/(b+c)

30
Q

Define descriptive statistics

A

Analyses that help describe, show or summarize our data

31
Q

Define inferential statistics

A

Analyses that allow us to make conclusions about the relationship between independent and dependent variables, or generalize our sample’s findings to the population

32
Q

What is the relationship between mean, median and mode in symmetrical vs positive skew vs negative skew data?

A

Symmetrical distribution: all the same

Positive skew: graph is shifted left, mode is the highest point, coming first, then median, then mean

Negative skew: graph is shifted to the right, mean is lowest , coming first, then median, then mode

33
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

The term used to describe the uncertainty around a point estimate; used because the estimate is generally taken from a sample and we cannot be 100% certain it is a ‘true’ value in the population

34
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

Typically that the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable

If there was a study wanting to see that two options are equivalent, the null would be that there is a difference

35
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis?

A

The independent variable has a significant effect on the dependent variable -> what we want to see

36
Q

What is the difference between type one and type two errors?

A

Type 1: we reject the null hypothesis and it turns out to be true

Type 2: we accept the null hypothesis and it turns out to be false

37
Q

What is statistical power?

A

Power = 1 - B

Where B = probability of making a type 2 error

Power is therefore the opposite of a type 2 error

38
Q

Define primary outcome

A

Outcome that will answer the primary or most important question

Sample size of the trial is calculated based on the change we expect to see in this outcome

39
Q

Define secondary outcome

A

Other relevant outcomes about the same study but of less importance and are only purposeful in hypothesis generating

40
Q

What is the difference in paired vs unpaired t-tests?

A

Paired = both measures come from the same subject

Unpaired = measures come from different subjects

41
Q

What is ANOVA?

A

ANOVA is like a series of t-tests but accounts for there being >2 independent variables

42
Q

What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness?

A

Efficacy = a measure of the capacity of a treatment to produce the desired effect in a controlled environment (like an RCT)

Effectiveness = the actual effect of the treatment in practice

43
Q

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

A

Accuracy = how close the measurement is to the true value

Precision = measurements of how close measurements of the same item are

44
Q

Define validity

A

Whether or not the variable reported actually measures the outcome of interest

45
Q

What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity?

A

Sensitivity = ability of a test to correctly identify those patients with a disease
–> low rate of false negatives

Specificity = ability of a test to correctly identify those patients without the disease
–> low rate of false positives

46
Q

What is the difference between statistical and clinical significance?

A

Statistical = a difference between two interventions resulting in p<0.05

Clinical = a difference between two interventions that is meaningful to the patient and to their health outcomes

PHARM 155 - Drug info fundamentals (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions