QUIZ 2

Question 1

give 3 examples of change at the congress of vienna and explain why they occurred + what interests were involved in the decision

Answer 1

a) creation of a reduced (hence non-threatening) kingdom of poland out of lands austria and prussia had seized during earlier parittions - interests: france, gb, and austria fear increasing russian + prussian power in central europe, establishment of a buffer state
b) austrian netherlands (belgium) is awarded to the dutch interests - interests: british want a friendly state on france’s northern border (austria compensated through other lands)
c) award of rhineland territories to the prussians - interests: prussians want to discourage french aggression to the east

Question 2

a) in what way did emerging nationalism threaten the habsburg monarchy and b) what strategy was employed to deter the risk of ethnic parcelisation? c) describe two or three different national claims within the austrian empire

Answer 2

a) habsburgs ruled over 11 major nationalities without a state of their own, including hungarians and poles, who had once had fully independent states + german and italian nationalists began to call for national unification
b) tradition of habsburg monarchy itself was an important force for cohesion, habsburgs depended on the support of the german middle class and of the enormous german-speaking bureaucracy, the monarchy enjoyed the support of austrian and hungarian nobles as well as their croation, polish, and italian counterparts
c) ?

Question 3

give 3 sources of popular discontent with the bourbons and explain the causes of the july revolution

Answer 3

discontent: establishment of powerful liberal associations and presence in chamber of deputies, economic crisis of 1828 and bad harvests, merchants and manufacturers unhappy with too great attention given by the government to landowners rather than commerce and industry

causes of revolution: remember the july/four ordinances of 1830, dissolves chamber of deputies, mass disenfranchisement, muzzled the press

Question 4

describe two reasons why the movement for independence in 1848 was unsuccessful

Answer 4

foreign intervention, the refusal of the pope to support the revolutions, lack of involvement from the masses, and lack of national leadership and aims

Question 5

with what steps did the counter-revolution proceed in the austrian empire and prussia? why did a rivalry erupt between austria and prussia shortly after defeating their ideological opponents?

Answer 5

the confusion of competing national claims and rivalries within the habsburg lands eased the task of counter-revolution within the austrian empire

now that german revolutionaries had been swept away by the juggernaut of counter-revolution, prussian king fredrick william iv proposed the creation of a prussian union

austria expressed immediate oppositioin to the plan, however, the habsburg dynasty no more wanted to see an expansion of prussian influence in central europe than it had desired german unification under the liberal auspices of the frankfurt parliament

Question 6

describe two reasons why louis napoleon won popular support and who was his primary base of support

Answer 6

intervention in rome earned louis napoleon the gratitue of conservative catholics, another reason here, he was supported by the newly founded party of order, which consisted of adherents of the bourbons, louis-philippe, and catholics

Question 7

describe the legacy of 1848 and three subsequent consequences

Answer 7

legacy: the revolutions of 1848 were the first time mass movements of workers across the continent put forth organised demands for political rights, the movements did make demands for middle-class liberal reforms, BUT there was a popular quality to them in demands for universal male suffrage, the movements met with brutal repression and conservative restoration across the continent

three subsequent consequences: emergence and anticipation of mass politics which would assume increasing significant in the latter decades of the 19th century, scattering of a generation of committed republicans, nationalists, and socialists, end of an era of civic/natioinal guards and consolidation of professional armies

Question 8

what were three factors which reduced mortality in the early 19th century, supporting population growth across europe?

Answer 8

a) vaccinations - diseases were reduced, but still a big killer
b) municipalities paid more attention/money to the cleanliness of cities e.g. sewage disposal, cleaner water via sand filters and iron pipes
c) less women died young → longer lives → more time to have children

Question 9

what are four of the reasons why the industrial revolution began in england?

Answer 9

a) capital-intensive commercialised farming was able to sustain/feed the growing population of britain, earlier than the rest of europe
b) their coal and iron deposits are near water transportation
c) commercial domination = they built upon their foundations of colonial trade
d) had a banking system in place that allowed companies/business to be put in place more easily than other places such as france

Question 10

what were the four main levels of the social pyramid which made up the 19th century middle class?

Answer 10

a) top = well-connected banking families, industrial magnates, and the wealthiest wholesale merchants, as well as a few top government ministers and ambassadors (the richest of the middle class)
b) lawyers and notaries
c) families drawing more modest incomes from businesses, rental properties, and lucrative government posts
d) bottom = petty bourgeoisie includes shopkeepers of modest means and expectations, wine merchants, minor officials, school teachers, cafe owners, and some craftsmen

Question 11

for what reason were most working class families excluded from the middle class ideal in which men occupied the public sphere and women the private sphere?

Answer 11

a) in general middle class men of the public sphere were to make money and to serve the public good in the world of politics and women in the private sphere were inward-focused guardians of the home and upholders of family and private morality
b) middle class = homes with distinct/separate rooms, working class = often one room for everyone
c) middle class = sent children to school as education became increasingly important, working class = could not afford it/needed their children’s wage contributions to the family income
d) middle class was seen as separate from working class as the middle class wanted to instill their conception of middle class morality on workers

Question 12

what was the most significant way the industrial revolution shifted the conception of gender?

Answer 12

the arrival of women in the industrial workforce challenged traditional gender roles which assumed that women and their work should be centred around the home

this gave rise to a conception of gender as representing different, complementary spheres, instead of the previous hierarchical model which involved two separate spheres

Question 13

what was a) one reason children were increasingly involved in textile work in factories? what was b) one piece of legislation passed in britain and c) one passed in france to limit child labour?

Answer 13

a) they were small and as such could do and go into places that were too small for an adult to fit in
b) the factory act of 1833 banned work of children under 9 and other children could only work 8 hours a day
c) france’s first child labour law was in 1841 and banned factory work for children under 8 and limited the workday to 8 hours for those 8-13 years of age and to 12 hours for those 13-16 years old, banning child labour at night and on sundays and holidays

Question 14

what were the two most significant technological innovations which drove the second industrial revolution?

Answer 14

a) electricity revolutions = telegraph → telephone = essentially the development and production of power that were able to move around more easily → creation of things to make life easier like the sewing machine
b) chemical revolution = better agriculture, improvements also came in the textile industry and improvements in engineering
c) steel was less expensive to produce, stronger, durable, and more flexible than iron

Question 15

what are two developments which improved the living standards of ordinary people across europe in the late 19th century?

Answer 15

a) in britain, workers’ wages rose, between 1850-1875 = higher level of consumption and since the priceof food fell because of the improvements in agriculture and it increased the yield increased as well, = more money to spend on things like clothes or utensils
b) diets improved = grain and meat arrived in regrigerated ships from places like canada, the usa, australia, and argentina = diets improved thus nutrition improved (and as a by-product people became taller)

Question 16

what were the four main factors which drove overseas emigration in the last decades of the 19th century?

Answer 16

work/money - seasonal work or people moved to work to send money to their family

crop failures and the promise of land in the usa

they were fleeing poverty and/or anti-semitic violence

overseas emigration increased because of economic stagnation, marginal and overcrowded agricultural regions, religious persecution, and the hope of finding a better life

Question 17

what were three reasons that ensured the success of prussia in leading unified germany?

Answer 17

a) territorial acquisitions in the industrialising rhineland after the napoleonic wars and a relatively strong economic position, which had been bolstered by the zollverein customs union
b) prussia’s population was quite homogeneous, as it was almost entirely german-speaking and protestant, with the notable exception of the largely catholic rhineland
c) the prussian royal family, the hohenzollerns, benefited from the internal stability brought by an effective administrative bureaucracy and were supported by an ambitious, powerful, landed nobility, the junkers, who dominated the officer corps of the prussian army

Question 18

define otto bismarck’s realpolitik type of politics, give 3 examples of bismarck’s political/diplomatic/military successes

Answer 18

bismarck’s type of politics came to be known as ‘realpolitik’, the pursuit of a nation’s self-interest based on a realistic assessment of the costs and consequences of action. inherent in realpolitik was an absence of moral or ethical considerations, which were overrun by bismarck’s unshakeable determination to enhance the power of the prussian monarchy and nobility, and therefore of germany

restricted freedom of the press, drew italy into a secret alliane, signed a convention with the french govt which led to a peace treaty and to the official proclamation of the german empire in 1871

Question 19

is austria-hungary a multiethnic state? what were the 5 reasons that held together this multiethnic state during the ‘long’ 19th century?

Answer 19

first part needs an answer

5 reasons: tradition of the habsburg monarchy was an important force for cohesion, the support of the german middle class and the german-speaking bureaucracy, the support of the nobles, catholicism acted as a unifying mechanism within the austrian empire, the prestige of the imperial army

Question 20

3 stages of karl marx’s system of historical progress and link them to the class he saw as the leading one, how to we move from one stage to the other?

Answer 20

the era of the nobility (the feudal society), the era of the bourgeoisie (capitalist expansion), the era of the communist society (the proletariat seized the means of production and creates the classless society)

move from one stage to the other through revolutions, the deprived class revolts against the dominant

Question 21

3 social reforms that were introduced in gb, germany, and france + why did states and employers decide to provide welfare for the workers + was the role of trade unions and strikes decisive in achieving better living conditions for the workers?

Answer 21

the workmen’s compensation law (1897) made employers responsible for bearing the cost of industrial accidents

the old age pension act (1908) provided some income for workers over 70 years of age whose incomes fell below a specific sum per week

the national insurance bill (1911) meant that workers’ friendly societies administered insurance payments based on voluntary employee wage deductions

last parts need answers

Question 22

3 disagreements between socialists and anarchists

Answer 22

socialists wanted to take over the states, anarchists wanted to destroy it

2 more

Question 23

give the 3 dimensions of the east question as well as one reason each for french and british support of the ottoman empire during the crimean war

Answer 23

contest for control of the bosporus straits separating europe and asia, russia’s insistence that it was the protector of slavic and orthodox interests in the balkans, emergence of national movements among christian minorities, including serbs and bulgarians, demanding the creation of independent orthodox states in the balkans

france had in principle protected the rights of catholics in the ottoman empire since the mid-18th century + napoleon iii eager for a military victory to solidify support for his regime

the british government was ill-disposed towards russia’s expansion in the balkans

Question 24

in the uk in the mid-19th century, the victorian consensus came to represent the ideal cohesion brought about by capitalist development. explain 3 elements of the ideological ethos of this consensus

Answer 24

a) in the victorian entrepreneurial ideal, the individual demonstrated his moral worth through hard work, in contrasy to the evils of the old system of patronage - competition would determine those who were fit to rule
b) religious images and references permeated victorian social and political discourse, entrepreneurs believed that they were doing god’s work by becoming successful
c) temperance movements proliterated in a wave of concern about lower class drunkenness

Question 25

the great naturalist author emile zola once called the new emerging department stores in paris the ‘cathedrals of modernity’ - give two reasons these new edifices reflected and transformed the shape of burgeoning consumer culture in 19th century europe?

Answer 25

a) first in london, paris, and berlin, department stores transformed the way many families shopped - they attracted prosperous clients in search of quality ready-made clothes that were less expensive than those stitched by tailors
b) organisation of large markets into departments with individual managers reflected the increasing organisation of markets, selling better, quicker, more

Question 26

name one colony of britain, spain, portugal, france and the netherlands

Answer 26

spain - cuba
france - algeria
britain - australia
netherlands - java

Question 27

name four ideological causes that merriman gives to explain the 1880s surge in colonial conquest

Answer 27

economic: the second industrial revolution’s need for extending the world market given overproduction, deflationary spiral, and return of trade protectionism in europe
ideological: the ideological justification for the expansion of empire was primarily premised on nationalism and race
geopolitical: state rivalry between the main powers of europe but without war on the continent itself
technical: largely medical innovations such as quinine

Question 28

describe two important differences between british and french methods of colonial administration

Answer 28

unlike british colonial rule, french colonial administration reflected the state centralisation that had characterised france’s development over the past century and more - military control, more than commercial relations, formed the basis of its empire, and the french employed more french officials and relied less on indigenous peoples than the british

the french colonial ministry took a much greater role in economic decision making than its counterpart in the british empire

Question 29

what were the two main alliance systems established by 1905? which three nations were members of each one? what was the primary risk of the alliance situation?

Answer 29

triple alliance: italy, germany, austria-hungary (formed 1882)

triple entente: britain, france, russia

this web of tangling alliances meant the great powers of europe were now divided into two armed camps, because of this alliance system, outbreak of war between any two rivals threatened to bring all of the european powers into the conflict

Question 30

which region could be qualified as the powder keg of europe? identify two-three events that support this qualification

Answer 30

balkans: increasingly became the key to maintaining peace

1908 bosnian crisis escalated tensions between serbia and austria-hungary and russia and austria-hungary because of the potential for large communities of south slavs to be incorporated into the habsburg empire

balkan wars strengthened serbia through the addition of territory from macedonia, making the state stronger, larger, and more ambitious, as well as further creating tensions with austria-hungary because they had been denied a port on the adriatic by austria-hungary’s support for the creation of albania

Question 31

how did warfare change after the first disillusions regarding a ‘jolly little war’? identify four elements that made ww1 both ‘global’ and ‘total’

Question 32

what were two key events of 1917 which changed the course of war? give one major cause and effect of each

Answer 32

entry of the united states into the war in april 1917: caused by 1915 sinking of the lusitania and 1916 sinking of the sussex and continuing german failure to abide by their pledge to give up unrestricted submarine warfare, entry of the usa with the addition of 2M soldiers to france by the end of 1918 tipped the balance of war against germany in favour of the allies

the withdrawal of russia in december 1917: due to the russian revolution in the context of the struggling home front and deep disillusionment with the war among the russian people, although the allies worried that such a peace between germany and russia would allow germany to focus on the western front, bolshevik refusal to agree to the german terms for a formal armistice meant that russian participation in the war did not end until march 1918, meaning that german forces remained divided between fronts

Question 33

what were the three major revolutionary groups in russia by 1917? what was one key characteristic or belief of each?

Answer 33

socialist revolutionaries: believed that the peasant masses would one day carry out a revolution, enjoyed a lot of support in the countryside

bolsheviks: highly centralised group under lenin’s direct leadership who insisted that only a minority of eorkers would achieve consciousness of themselves as a revolutionary class and that these should join with intellectuals in a party that would direct the masses and prepare for a future reovlution
mensheviks: held that a proletarian revolution lay in the future, but not until a bourgeois uprising first succeeded in overthrowing the tsarist state, believed they could form alliances with liberal groups

Question 34

what were the two primary causes of the february revolution of 1917? 3 reasons why soldiers and sailors defected and mutinied in support of the strike

Answer 34

revolution grew out of the massive discontent with hunger and deprivation and mounting frustration and tsarist inflexibility against reform

during january and february, almost half of the capital’s 400,000 workers went on stirke

this was because of miserable conditions of war, the unpopularity of the officers, awful food, and empahy with the demands of the workers ‘bread and peace’

Question 35

what two failures of the provisional government contributed to the outbreak of the october revolution? why were the bolsheviks more influential than the provisional government, particularly among the soviets?

Answer 35

the provisional government seemed both incapable of soving the worsening economic crisis and unwilling to take russia out of the first world war

the bolsheviks maintained influence and support among the soviets because they were the only group to promise the soviets a degree of political power, they also presented themselves as untainted by support for the provisional government, allowing them to distance themselves from their unpopular failures with the economy and the war

Question 36

who were the ‘whites’ and the ‘reds’ in the russian civil war? which external group supported the whites, and how did this hinder their cause?

Answer 36

the reds were a coalition of far-left-leaning ideologies, composed of communists, socialists, and bolsheviks. they were must more unified than the whites, and at their peak, were able to amass 5 million soldiers

the whites were a loose and ideologically-wide coalition consisting of centrist to far-right-leaning groups, such as monarchists, fascists, kadets, republicans, conservatives, autocrats, nationalists, and even a few socialists that felt disenfranchised by the bolsheviks

the whites were supported by the allies who hoped to save russia from a communist takeover and bring them back into world war 1, but allies were more concerned with exploring russia’s current political turmoil first and then stopping the bolsheviks from seizing the entire country

Question 37

what were two ways war communism and the new economic policy differed, and how were they comparable?

Answer 37

differed: war communism completely outlawed private enterprise and trade, while the NEP allowed for some private enterprise and trade

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