Quiz 2

Question 1

List

3 eras of federalism (and their cakes)

Answer 1

• 1789-1933: dual federalism (“the layer cake”)
• 1933-1981: cooperative federalism (“the marble cake”)
• 1981-Present: contested federalism (“the super-swirl cake”)

Question 2

Describe

dual federalism

Answer 2

lasted from 1789 to 1933

known as “the layer cake”

marked by clear-cut responsibilities for separate branches

gave state governments equal authority to federal government

Question 3

Describe

cooperative federalism

Answer 3

lasted from 1933 to 1981

known as “the marble cake”

began with strengthening of federal government by FDR and New Deal

marked by blurred roles for state/federal government

Question 4

Describe

contested federalism

Answer 4

lasted from 1981 to present

known as “the super-swirl cake”

marked by mixing of governing authority with a sprinkle of partisan conflict

involves a constant struggle between federal and state governments fueled by partisan conflict

Question 5

Define and explain

devolution

Answer 5

Definition: transfer of authority from national government to state/local governments

Significance: attempted by the Reagan administration

Question 6

Define and explain

new federalism

Answer 6

Definition: approach that says that authority from federal officials should be shifted to state/local officials

Significance: aligns with political philosophy of devolution

Question 7

Define and explain:

progressive federalism

Answer 7

Definition: approach that says national government should set program goals while states determine how to achieve them

Significance:

Question 8

Define and explain

unfunded mandates

Answer 8

Definition: obligation imposed on state/local government officials by federal/state legislation without sufficient funding support to cover the costs

Significance: imposes unreachable goals upon lawmakers to meet requirements without resources to do so; stifles state-based and local innovation by increasing the web of federal regulations

Question 9

Define and explain

preemption

Answer 9

Definition: invalidation of a state law that conflicts with a federal law

Significance:

Question 10

Define and explain

civil liberties

Answer 10

Definition: limits on government so that individuals can exercise personal freedoms

Significance: protects citizens from improper actions by the government

Question 11

Define and explain

civil rights

Answer 11

Definition: obligations of government to protect citizens from illegal actions of other private citizens or government agencies

Significance: indiscriminately provides citizens with freedom to participate in full life of community

Question 12

Explain

difference between civil liberties and civil rights

Answer 12

• civil liberties* place restrictions on how government can interfere with freedoms
• civil rights* force government to intervene when freedoms are infringed

Question 13

Define and explain

Establishment Clause

Answer 13

Definition: clause of 1^st Amendment of U.S. Constitution that states that Congress shall make no law establishing or favoring one religion over another – or religion over no religion

Significance:

Question 14

Define and explain:

strict separation of Establishment Clause

Answer 14

Definition: interpretation of the Establishment Clause that calls for maximum possible separation of church and state

Significance: requires that strict principles articulated in the Lemon test be used in judging whether or not a law violates the Establishment Clause

Question 15

Define and explain

Lemon test

Answer 15

Definition: three-pronged test to determine whether or not a law violates the Establishment Clause based on the notion of strict separation

Significance: attempted to clarify the vagueness of “excessive governmental entanglement”

Question 16

List

Lemon principles

Answer 16

• law must have secular purpose
• law must neither advance nor inhibit religion
• law must not excessively entangle government in religion

Question 17

Define and explain

accommodation

Answer 17

Definition: interpretation of the Establishment Clause that holds that the government does not violate the Establishment Clause as long as it does not confer advantage to some religions over others

Significance: fundamentally opposes the concept of strict separation by taking a much more laid-back approach to the separation of church and state

Question 18

Define and explain

strict scrutiny

Answer 18

Definition: a test of whether a law violates a fundamental constitutional right by determining whether or not the law is essential to achieve “compelling state interest”

Significance: places the burden on the government to prove that a restriction on the freedoms of speech/press is constitutional

Question 19

List

3 standards of strict scrutiny in 1^st Amendment cases

Answer 19

• law must achieve a “compelling state interest”
• law must be narrowly tailored
• law must use least restrictive means

Question 20

List

3 examples of unprotected speech

Answer 20

• speech that presents a present and clear danger
• libel/slander
• obscenity

Question 21

Explain

Schenk v. United States (1919)

Question 22

Explain

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)

Question 23

Explain

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)

Question 24

Explain

Wisconsin v. Mitchell

Question 25

# Define and explain prior restraint

Answer 25

**Definition:** judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful **Significance:** government has significantly limited ability to exercise *prior restraint* due to the broad freedoms provided by the 1^st Amendment

Question 26

# Define and explain slander

Answer 26

**Definition:** speech that is untruthful, malicious, or damaging to a person's reputation or good name **Significance:**

Question 27

# Define and explain libel

Answer 27

**Definition:** published material that damages a person's reputation or good name in an untruthful and malicious way **Significance:**

Question 28

# Define and explain penumbras

Answer 28

**Definition:** shadows of amendments that give people a right to make their own choices free from government interference **Significance:**

Question 29

# Define and explain emanations

Answer 29

**Definition:** **Significance:**

Question 30

# Define and explain 9^th Amendment

Answer 30

**Definition:** **Significance:**

Question 31

# Explain Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Question 32

# Explain Roe v. Wade (1973)

Question 33

# Explain Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

Question 34

# Explain Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

Question 35

# Explain Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)

Question 36

# Describe de jure equality

Question 37

# Describe de facto equality

Question 38

# Define and explain discrimination

Question 39

# Explain fall of civil rights

Question 40

# Define and explain public opinion

Answer 40

**Definition:** citizens' attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events **Significance:** unspoken rule for lawmakers to follow public opinion (in order to get reelected)

Question 41

# Explain characteristics of opinions

Answer 41

weighted sum of valanced beliefs expression of latent attitudes

Question 42

# List 4 variances in opinions

Answer 42

* intensity (extremety) * centrality (attitude importance) * informational base * stability

Question 43

# List 2 uses of public opinions

Answer 43

* assessment of general views of the public * gauge of views on specific issues

Question 44

# List 3 public opinion measurement tools

Answer 44

* academic surveys * political polls * deliberative polls

Question 45

# List 3 public opinion measurement techniques

Answer 45

* question wording * question ordering * random sampling

Question 46

# List 3 sources of public opinion measurement errors

Answer 46

* **question effects** * wording * order * complexity * framing * **measurement effects** * validity * reliability * **respondent effects** * poor recall * non-attitudes

Question 47

# List 4 question effects on public opinion measurement

Answer 47

* wording * order * complexity * framing (caused by wording/order)

Question 48

# List 2 measurement effects on public opinion measurement

Answer 48

* validity * reliability

Question 49

# List 2 respondent effects on public opinion measurement

Answer 49

* poor recall * non-attitudes

Question 50

# List 4 long-term influences on public opinion formation

Answer 50

* reception * acceptance * awareness and predispositions * political socialization

Question 51

# Define and explain reception

Answer 51

**Definition:** **Significance:** function of political awareness

Question 52

# Define and explain acceptance

Answer 52

**Definition:** **Significance:** function of prior political predispositions

Question 53

# Define and explain awareness and predispositions

Answer 53

**Definition:** knowledgeability on current political issues and the existing conclusions one has drawn on those issues **Significance:** shaped by one's *political socialization* (long-term forces where one learns about politics and government)

Question 54

# Define and explain political socialization

Answer 54

**Definition:** process by which individuals learn and frequently internalize a political lens framing their perceptions of how power is arranged and how the world around them is (and should be) organized **Significance:** plays a significant role in shaping political attitudes since it is essentially the same thing as *political learning*

Question 55

# List 6 factors of political socialization

Answer 55

* **life course** * family * generation * age * social roles * **socioeconomic factors** * **social group identity** * **culture** * **historical period** * **institutions and political elites**

Question 56

# List 3 short-term influences on public opinion formation

Answer 56

* agenda-setting * framing * priming

Question 57

# Define and explain agenda-setting

Answer 57

**Definition:** selection of issues as “newsworthy” to influence both what public and government consider important issues/problems of the day **Significance:** greatly increases influence of news sources and takes advantage of distractibility and short-term attention of American public

Question 58

# Define and explain framing

Answer 58

**Definition:** deliberate selection of particular interpretation of issue in order to attract widespread support/opposition **Significance:**

Question 59

# Define and explain priming

Answer 59

**Definition:** making particular consideration to make constituents care more about some issues than others **Significance:** the process in which the media attends to some issues and both others alters the standards by which people evaluate election candidates

Question 60

# List 3 limitations of public opinion polling

Answer 60

* failure to predict behavior * presumption of cognitive and individual-level opinions * fixed testing (one-way conversation)