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×American Government > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

List

3 eras of federalism (and their cakes)

A
  • 1789-1933: dual federalism (“the layer cake”)
  • 1933-1981: cooperative federalism (“the marble cake”)
  • 1981-Present: contested federalism (“the super-swirl cake”)
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2
Q

Describe

dual federalism

A

lasted from 1789 to 1933

known as “the layer cake”

marked by clear-cut responsibilities for separate branches

gave state governments equal authority to federal government

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3
Q

Describe

cooperative federalism

A

lasted from 1933 to 1981

known as “the marble cake”

began with strengthening of federal government by FDR and New Deal

marked by blurred roles for state/federal government

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4
Q

Describe

contested federalism

A

lasted from 1981 to present

known as “the super-swirl cake”

marked by mixing of governing authority with a sprinkle of partisan conflict

involves a constant struggle between federal and state governments fueled by partisan conflict

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5
Q

Define and explain

devolution

A

Definition: transfer of authority from national government to state/local governments

Significance: attempted by the Reagan administration

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6
Q

Define and explain

new federalism

A

Definition: approach that says that authority from federal officials should be shifted to state/local officials

Significance: aligns with political philosophy of devolution

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7
Q

Define and explain:

progressive federalism

A

Definition: approach that says national government should set program goals while states determine how to achieve them

Significance:

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8
Q

Define and explain

unfunded mandates

A

Definition: obligation imposed on state/local government officials by federal/state legislation without sufficient funding support to cover the costs

Significance: imposes unreachable goals upon lawmakers to meet requirements without resources to do so; stifles state-based and local innovation by increasing the web of federal regulations

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9
Q

Define and explain

preemption

A

Definition: invalidation of a state law that conflicts with a federal law

Significance:

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10
Q

Define and explain

civil liberties

A

Definition: limits on government so that individuals can exercise personal freedoms

Significance: protects citizens from improper actions by the government

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11
Q

Define and explain

civil rights

A

Definition: obligations of government to protect citizens from illegal actions of other private citizens or government agencies

Significance: indiscriminately provides citizens with freedom to participate in full life of community

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12
Q

Explain

difference between civil liberties and civil rights

A
  • civil liberties* place restrictions on how government can interfere with freedoms
  • civil rights* force government to intervene when freedoms are infringed
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13
Q

Define and explain

Establishment Clause

A

Definition: clause of 1st Amendment of U.S. Constitution that states that Congress shall make no law establishing or favoring one religion over another – or religion over no religion

Significance:

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14
Q

Define and explain:

strict separation of Establishment Clause

A

Definition: interpretation of the Establishment Clause that calls for maximum possible separation of church and state

Significance: requires that strict principles articulated in the Lemon test be used in judging whether or not a law violates the Establishment Clause

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15
Q

Define and explain

Lemon test

A

Definition: three-pronged test to determine whether or not a law violates the Establishment Clause based on the notion of strict separation

Significance: attempted to clarify the vagueness of “excessive governmental entanglement”

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16
Q

List

Lemon principles

A
  • law must have secular purpose
  • law must neither advance nor inhibit religion
  • law must not excessively entangle government in religion
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17
Q

Define and explain

accommodation

A

Definition: interpretation of the Establishment Clause that holds that the government does not violate the Establishment Clause as long as it does not confer advantage to some religions over others

Significance: fundamentally opposes the concept of strict separation by taking a much more laid-back approach to the separation of church and state

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18
Q

Define and explain

strict scrutiny

A

Definition: a test of whether a law violates a fundamental constitutional right by determining whether or not the law is essential to achieve “compelling state interest”

Significance: places the burden on the government to prove that a restriction on the freedoms of speech/press is constitutional

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19
Q

List

3 standards of strict scrutiny in 1st Amendment cases

A
  • law must achieve a “compelling state interest”
  • law must be narrowly tailored
  • law must use least restrictive means
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20
Q

List

3 examples of unprotected speech

A
  • speech that presents a present and clear danger
  • libel/slander
  • obscenity
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21
Q

Explain

Schenk v. United States (1919)

A
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22
Q

Explain

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)

A
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23
Q

Explain

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)

A
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24
Q

Explain

Wisconsin v. Mitchell

A
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25
Q

Define and explain

prior restraint

A

Definition: judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful

Significance: government has significantly limited ability to exercise prior restraint due to the broad freedoms provided by the 1st Amendment

26
Q

Define and explain

slander

A

Definition: speech that is untruthful, malicious, or damaging to a person’s reputation or good name

Significance:

27
Q

Define and explain

libel

A

Definition: published material that damages a person’s reputation or good name in an untruthful and malicious way

Significance:

28
Q

Define and explain

penumbras

A

Definition: shadows of amendments that give people a right to make their own choices free from government interference

Significance:

29
Q

Define and explain

emanations

A

Definition:

Significance:

30
Q

Define and explain

9th Amendment

A

Definition:

Significance:

31
Q

Explain

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

A
32
Q

Explain

Roe v. Wade (1973)

A
33
Q

Explain

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

A
34
Q

Explain

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

A
35
Q

Explain

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

A
36
Q

Describe

de jure equality

A
37
Q

Describe

de facto equality

A
38
Q

Define and explain

discrimination

A
39
Q

Explain

fall of civil rights

A
40
Q

Define and explain

public opinion

A

Definition: citizens’ attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events

Significance: unspoken rule for lawmakers to follow public opinion (in order to get reelected)

41
Q

Explain

characteristics of opinions

A

weighted sum of valanced beliefs

expression of latent attitudes

42
Q

List

4 variances in opinions

A
  • intensity (extremety)
  • centrality (attitude importance)
  • informational base
  • stability
43
Q

List

2 uses of public opinions

A
  • assessment of general views of the public
  • gauge of views on specific issues
44
Q

List

3 public opinion measurement tools

A
  • academic surveys
  • political polls
  • deliberative polls
45
Q

List

3 public opinion measurement techniques

A
  • question wording
  • question ordering
  • random sampling
46
Q

List

3 sources of public opinion measurement errors

A
  • question effects
    • wording
    • order
    • complexity
    • framing
  • measurement effects
    • validity
    • reliability
  • respondent effects
    • poor recall
    • non-attitudes
47
Q

List

4 question effects on public opinion measurement

A
  • wording
  • order
  • complexity
  • framing (caused by wording/order)
48
Q

List

2 measurement effects on public opinion measurement

A
  • validity
  • reliability
49
Q

List

2 respondent effects on public opinion measurement

A
  • poor recall
  • non-attitudes
50
Q

List

4 long-term influences on public opinion formation

A
  • reception
  • acceptance
  • awareness and predispositions
  • political socialization
51
Q

Define and explain

reception

A

Definition:

Significance: function of political awareness

52
Q

Define and explain

acceptance

A

Definition:

Significance: function of prior political predispositions

53
Q

Define and explain

awareness and predispositions

A

Definition: knowledgeability on current political issues and the existing conclusions one has drawn on those issues

Significance: shaped by one’s political socialization (long-term forces where one learns about politics and government)

54
Q

Define and explain

political socialization

A

Definition: process by which individuals learn and frequently internalize a political lens framing their perceptions of how power is arranged and how the world around them is (and should be) organized

Significance: plays a significant role in shaping political attitudes since it is essentially the same thing as political learning

55
Q

List

6 factors of political socialization

A
  • life course
    • family
    • generation
    • age
    • social roles
  • socioeconomic factors
  • social group identity
  • culture
  • historical period
  • institutions and political elites
56
Q

List

3 short-term influences on public opinion formation

A
  • agenda-setting
  • framing
  • priming
57
Q

Define and explain

agenda-setting

A

Definition: selection of issues as “newsworthy” to influence both what public and government consider important issues/problems of the day

Significance: greatly increases influence of news sources and takes advantage of distractibility and short-term attention of American public

58
Q

Define and explain

framing

A

Definition: deliberate selection of particular interpretation of issue in order to attract widespread support/opposition

Significance:

59
Q

Define and explain

priming

A

Definition: making particular consideration to make constituents care more about some issues than others

Significance: the process in which the media attends to some issues and both others alters the standards by which people evaluate election candidates

60
Q

List

3 limitations of public opinion polling

A
  • failure to predict behavior
  • presumption of cognitive and individual-level opinions
  • fixed testing (one-way conversation)

×American Government (2 decks)

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