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Underground Mining > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Unit Operations

A

Fragmentation, Loading, Hauling

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2
Q

Using fire to mine in hardrock

A

firesetting

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3
Q

old tools ford hardrock mining

A

hammer and gad

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4
Q

patron saint of miners

A

St. Barbara

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5
Q

old mine hauler

A

mucker

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6
Q

A vertical or inclined excavation in rock for the purpose of providing access to an orebody. Usually equipped with a hoist at the top, which lowers and raises a conveyance for handling workers and materials.

A

shaft

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7
Q

A sloping underground opening for machine access from level to level or from surface; also called a ramp.

A

decline

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8
Q

A horizontal opening driven from a shaft and (or near) right angles to the strike of a vein or other orebody.

A

crosscut

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9
Q

an internal shaft

A

winze

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10
Q

Vertical or inclined passage for the downward transfer of ore connecting a level with the hoisting shaft or a lower level.

A

ore pass

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11
Q

built with intention to last the life of the mine

A

primary development

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12
Q

associated with particular production units, potential consumed as production proceeds, 1-2 year life or less

A

secondary development

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13
Q

upper portion of a shaft, anchors shaft to surface

A

collar

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14
Q

creation of a shaft

A

sinking

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15
Q

An underground excavation where water accumulates before being pumped to surface.

A

sump

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16
Q

A vertical or inclined underground working that has been excavated from the bottom upward.

A

raise

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17
Q

equipment used in shaft sinking, finger looking

A

cactus grab

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18
Q

used in shaft sinking, bucket on hydraulic arm

A

cryderman

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19
Q

uses compressed air to force water to the surface

A

air lift

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20
Q

advanced as shaft sinking progresses, provides platform for working

A

stage or galloway

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21
Q

Hoist rope passed down
pilot hole and attached to
cage or work platform

A

cage or gig raising

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22
Q

Similar to cage raising
• Cage is on a rigid steel
guide rail attached to one
wall of the raise

A

alimak raising

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23
Q

All operations are from top
level
• Long holes are drilled from top
level to starting level

A

longhole raising

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24
Q

from

seam to seam

A

Cross-measure drifts

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25
Q

hoist relying on friction

A

Koepe

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26
Q

used to haul ore in a shaft

A

skip

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27
Q

where rope passes over in headframe

A

head sheave

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28
Q

rope where strands and ropes cross

A

left hand ordinary lay

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29
Q

rope and strands same direction

A

right hand lang’s lay

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30
Q

sublevel caving first applied to

A

weak ore

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31
Q

sublevel caving method

A

undercut drifts created, then supports pulled or blasting and muck removed on retreat

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32
Q

sublevel caving now applied to

A

strong ore with weak walls

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33
Q

sublevel caving interval distance

A

25 to 40 ft

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34
Q

sublevel caving reqrd properties

A

ore stands w/ out support, >50ft up holes, holes stay open, wall rock weak enough for caving, vertical to 60 deg dip

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35
Q

sublevel caving disadvantages

A

high dilution, high dev costs

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36
Q

Sub lvl cave advantages

A

flexible for irregular and narrow ore bodies, work in drifts, good ground control, good ventilation, easily mechanized, activities can be specialized, no pillar loss

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37
Q

2 types sub lvl cave layouts

A

transverse and longitudinal

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38
Q

when is transverse sblvl cave used?

A

ore body width >50m

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39
Q

Sblvl caving cutoff grade

A

visual method and sample/assay method

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40
Q

sblvl stoping vs sblvl caving

A

caving ore falls into extraction drifts and stoping falls into open stope. sblvl stoping requires strong foot/hanging wall

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41
Q

block/panel caving vs sublevel caving

A

lower cost/ton, larger output, less development, simpler ventilation / applicable to harder and smaller ores, use where caving is questionable, use where secondary blasting costs may be high

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42
Q

block and panel caving reqmnts and traits

A

large/massive orebodies, low cost, high productivity, lower cost/ton than anyother underground hardrock method, caving by gravity

43
Q

blck and panel ore reqmnts

A

steep dip, lareg/massive body, capping must cave/preferably large blocks, uniform distribution,

44
Q

blck/panel advantages

A

inexpensive, centralized production, simple ventilation, consistent rate, suitable to low grades

45
Q

blck/panel disadvantages

A

expensive development, expensive drift maintenance, slow response to changing production requirements, inflexible

46
Q

blck/panel capacity

A

20,000 to >100,000 tpd

47
Q

choosing caving method

A

determine rock competency, cavability, expected size of broken material

48
Q

5 types of fill

A

waste, pneumatic, hydraulic s/ dilute slurry, high desnity, other

49
Q

how to improve sill strength

A

optimize size distribution

50
Q

pnuematic fill size

A

minus 1 inch

51
Q

gravity fill through waste passes size

A

minus 12 inch

52
Q

fill tools

A

rammer jammer, slingers

53
Q

waste fill ad/dis

A

lower costs, environmental / loose, unconsolidated, if it becomes wet=surging

54
Q

pnuematic fill ad/dis

A

ventilation, high density, no excess water, ground control / dust problems, high costs, noise

55
Q

hydraulic w/ dilute slurry ad/dis

A

better wall support, reduced pressure on workings / excess water, slimes plug pumps, pipe wear

56
Q

high density hydraulic fill ad/dis

A

avoids excess slime/water, quick placement form pumping speeds, higher density, works with mill tailings / sliming problems, special pumps, higher precision reqd

57
Q

cut/fill deposit reqmnts

A

steep dip, large/irregular shape possible, good support reqd

58
Q

overhand vs underhand cut/fill

A

underhand=mining under backfill. overhand=mining on top of backfill

59
Q

cut/fill adv/dis

A

adaptable to most ore bodies, best where ore discontinuous, small cap investments, used with weak wall rock, minimal dilution, easy to change methods / cyclical production, skilled labor, high operating costs, extensive ground control, high amount of non productive work, difficult ventilation

60
Q

hardrock room and pillar compared to coal

A

easier roof and rib control, bigger entries, smaller pillars, mining in multiple lifts, aka stope and pillar

61
Q

hardrock r&p fragmentation

A

mostly by drill/blast

62
Q

CFR?

A

code of federal regulations

63
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

coal dust in lungs, cant get full breath

64
Q

TLV?

A

threshhold limit values, American conference of industrial hygienists

65
Q

TWA?

A

time-weighted average, 8hr workday or 40-hr week

66
Q

STEL?

A

Short term exposure limit

67
Q

mine gases

A

oxygen, co2, methane, CO, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, radon

68
Q

oxygen legal minimum

A

19.5%. 17%=faster breathing, 9%=fainting 7%=life danger

69
Q

CO2

A

blackdamp, 0.041%=usual concentration, 18%=immediate death

70
Q

methane

A

firedamp, lighter than air, colorless odorless, nontoxic, tasteless

71
Q

methane - oxygen explosiveness

A

5-15% methane and 12% oxygen

72
Q

carbon monoxide

A

whitedamp, colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable, explosive at 12.5-74%, toxic

73
Q

hydrogen sulfide

A

stinkdamp, smelly, colorless, toxic, explosive, forms from heated gobbs or water, gas/oil fields/sulfur mines/gypsum mines, heavier than air, 4-44% explosive

74
Q

sulfur dioxide

A

colorless, toxic, smelly, nonflammable, heavier than air

75
Q

6 mine dusts

A

fibrogenic, carcinogenic, toxic, radioactive, explosive, nuisance

76
Q

8 hour weighted average time limit noise

A

90 dB

77
Q

hearpro

A

rigid ear muff 24-29dB

soft foam 30-35dB

78
Q

incidence rate calculation

A

(#injuries x 200,000)/number of employee hours

79
Q

severity rate calc

A

(#lost work days x 200,000)/number of employee hours

80
Q

four phases of longwall move

A

planning, prep, disassemply/movement/intall, completion

81
Q

3 parts of longwall

A

shearer, shields, armored face conveyor

82
Q

6 components of longwall roof supports

A

canopy, side shield, goaf shield, hydraulic legs, lemniscate linkages, base

83
Q

major cause of poor support performance

A

fluid leakage due to hard-water deposits

84
Q

shear operated at X% of bit length

A

70%

85
Q

unidirectional cutting used when

A

one way cut, clean floor on return, good cleanup, low machine utilization, roof may dteriorate, steep seams, hard coal or excessive dust

86
Q

bidirectional

A

lead drum cuts 70%, rear drum cuts 30%

87
Q

2 types of dilution calcs

A

weight/mass vs volume dilution

88
Q

dilution calc

A

%=(waste mined)/(waste mined+ore mined) *100

89
Q

internal dilution

A

occurs in mining block, waste cannot me separated

90
Q

external dilution

A

waste outside orebody is mined within block

91
Q

secondary dilution

A

unplanned from blasting, sloughing etc.

92
Q

primary dilution

A

planned waste to be mined to allow ore extraction

93
Q

mining methods with predictable dilution

A

block caving, sublvl stoping, room and pillar

94
Q

factors affecting dilution

A

mine depth, rock strength, ore type, ground support

95
Q

longwall mining is a ___ method

A

caving

96
Q

abutment pressure is transferred where in longwall

A

ahead of the longwall, softens coal

97
Q

longwalls used on what minerals

A

coal and trona, tested on gold bearing gravel

98
Q

most important factor in longwall consideration

A

geology- flat seam, roof/floor strata, anomalies

99
Q

longwall produces X% of coal vs development

A

80-85%

100
Q

3 categories of underground mining methods

A

supported, unsupported, caving

101
Q

most important in choosing underground method

A

geological conditions

102
Q

shaft drilling limited by

A

shaft size

103
Q

density of water

A

63 lb/ft^3 or 1000 kg/m^3

Underground Mining (1 decks)

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